Two years after its cancellation in 2020, Mobile World Congress (MWC) Barcelona returned to its original timeslot. The war in Ukraine cast a shadow over the event, with many speakers condemning the ongoing military action and calling for peace. Despite this, the show must be deemed a success, with in excess of 60,000 attendees, pointing to strong desire from industry players to meet, do business, and talk about the future of the industry. MWC 2022’s overall theme was “Connectivity Unleashed”, and looked to showcase how mobile connectivity is transforming industries and wider society. 

Our recent article, 5G Come of Age: Five Predictions for 2022, outlined our view on the major trends which would drive industry debate at MWC. A number of these were front and center of the show, including a major focus across the ecosystem on reducing the environmental impact of 5G, and on network deployment models (including private networks). The surprise was that there was little to no discussion of 6G, with much of the network technology debate centered on improvements to 5G. However, the mantle of longer-term technology “hot topic” has clearly shifted from 6G to the Metaverse. While still an emerging topic, there was clear excitement at the emergence of a true B2C use case for high-capacity, low-latency 5G networks.

All in all, it was great to be back. By convening players from across the industry, MWC helps drive industry debate more than any other telecom conference, while allowing those who follow the industry closely the opportunity to test viewpoints and assumptions, and also to take stock. We’ve summarized our key takeaways below. 

The race to Net Zero

Telecoms was one of the first industries to commit to Net Zero carbon emissions by 2050. Not surprisingly, it was a clear discussion topic and there were many sustainability related propositions on display. In fact, energy-efficiency KPIs are built into 5G and future 6G standards under IMT-2020 specifications. Asian operators that have already seen large 5G network build ups have shared their perspective on how decarbonisation efforts are not limited to network equipment, operations and data centers but also include office buildings. KT mentioned that it has decreased total power consumption 13%-23% from its 5G network radio units, achieving financial savings of 6.8 billion won (US$5.6 million) and removing 26,000 tonnes of CO2. 

Allison Kirkby, president and CEO of Telia shared how IoT can uncover sustainability and how going one step further and creating a circular economy can have further benefits. Telia’s data mapping project, which utilizes collated and anonymized data proved to be an effective tool to monitor the pandemic and can also be used to design efficient transport routes, therefore reducing emissions. 

Network equipment vendors also came with products that address sustainability goals. Nokia introduced its Liquid Cooling AirScale portfolio that reduced the energy required to cool a base station; while Ericsson announced seven new RAN products and solutions reducing power consumption by 25%. 

Open-RAN makes inroads

Open-RAN’s poster child, Rakuten Mobile, has discussed how its desire to “democratize wireless connectivity” led it down the Open-RAN path. Rakuten has announced that its subsidiary Rakuten Symphony and Cisco are joining focus and signing Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) for a joint go to market offer combining Cisco mobile routing switching and automation portfolio and Rakuten’s Open-RAN, orchestration and full suite of Symworld application. It has also announced the acquisition of U.S.-based cloud native networking specialist Robin.io, an “application store for kubernetes.” 

There is, for sure, a lot of excitement about Open-RAN especially in Europe and we have discussed the current status of Open-RAN in our latest research. However, while Open-RAN is a great example of industry collaboration, there are still challenges that need to be addressed, such as integration and security, as pointed out by Fujitsu’s SVP, Greg Manganello. Open-RAN is also not the only way ahead, Neil McRae, MD of Architecture and Strategy and chief architect at BT Group, reminded the audiences that there are different paths operators can take to drive down costs and improve performance. 

Metaverse: Excitement but challenges aplenty

MWC has always been a forward-looking conference, but this year’s event was a little different. Instead of looking ahead to the next generation of network tech (6G), it was the Metaverse which permeated headlines, show media and many company booths. Examples at the booths we visited ranged from re-badged VR experiences (akin to those demoed at previous MWCs) to examples of volumetric video. Really these served to highlight that the concept of Metaverse is still in its early days. What’s refreshing for the industry is that with the Metaverse we are moving from what was hitherto a product push of new technology (5G/AR/VR etc), to an emerging set of use cases (both consumer and enterprise) which will then drive discussion of their technology requirements.

On Monday, February 27, Meta released a statement from its CEO Mark Zuckerberg, that “creating a true sense of presence in virtual worlds delivered to smart glasses and VR headsets will require massive advances in connectivity, bigger than any of the step changes we’ve seen before.” Some of these requirements will be met by continued advances in 5G, but will also inevitably feed into how 6G networks are framed. For network operators however, a familiar issue looms large — that of the business model to support the level of network investment Meta is calling for. Only a few weeks before MWC began, the CEOs of Europe’s largest operator groups (Deutsche Telekom, Orange, Telefonica, and Vodafone) released a statement calling the current situation unsustainable, and that “as things stand, network operators are in no position to negotiate fair terms with these giant platforms due to their strong market positions, asymmetric bargaining power and the lack of a level regulatory playing field.” 

While it’s early days, it will be interesting to see how the concept of the Metaverse shapes 5G and future network technology, but also more importantly how the industry solves this perennial business model dilemma.

Growing interest in private 5G networks

As 5G use cases came to the fore, so did the private 5G networks. A range of operators and vendors showcased their private networks offering at the show. Orange, Vodafone, Telstra, Verizon, and AT&T were just some of the telcos who were showcasing and discussing private 5G pointing to the importance of private networks as a way to address  enterprises’ needs. Vendors made a slew of announcements and partnerships. Qualcomm and Microsoft partnered up to deliver an End to End (E2E) private 5G solution consisting of Qualcomm’s 5G hardware with Azure Private MEC. Cisco announced its Private 5G as-a-Service that combines 5G, IoT, and Wi-Fi under one umbrella and introduces Open-RAN via a collaboration with JMA and Airspan. HPE combined a private 5G network with its Aruba WiFi networks promoted as ​​“5G in a box.” 

New devices announced despite chip shortages

MWC used to be very much a smartphone show. It is so much more now, with a range of connected devices from large (think cars) to small (sensors) on the show. Device OEMs Qualcomm, Oppo, Samsung, and others, had a few announcements such as Oppo’s Air Glass wearables, Nokia’s C-series, and Lenovo’s new ThinkPad x13. However, the connectivity that permeates every aspect of society heavily relies on chipsets. Most blame the COVID-19 pandemic for the disruption of the supply chains and the resultant chipset shortages, but Qualcomm president and CEO Cristiano Amon believes that this was unavoidable due to a growing number of connected devices. In his keynote speech, he welcomed the state involvement in the shape of the European Chips Act but also the Chips for America act as a way to increase the Western world manufacturing capacity. Qualcomm is still experiencing “more demand than supply” but it foresees this to lessen towards the end of the year.

Please get in touch if you’d like to speak to us about any of these industry trends.

Having recently published our five 5G predictions for 2022, we now turn our focus on the current 5G landscape in Europe, examining how European countries and players compare versus their international peers. We will also look at the factors that influence 5G adoption, e.g. spectrum assignments and recent trends in terms of private 5G and network virtualization. While a lot of progress have been made so far, and some operators offer lightning speeds, the picture is mixed across the continent and the ambitions set by the European Union remain just that. Ambitions. We have already reflected on the progress towards the EU’s 5G Action Plan targets in “5G in Europe: EU Targets Require a Rethink. In Special Report 03/2022: 5G roll-out in the EU: delays in deployment of networks with security issues remaining unresolved the European Court of Auditors (ECA) warns that Europe is falling behind the following targets set in the 2016 Action Plan: 

• 5G to be rolled out across all urban areas and all major transport routes by 2025
• Further amended in March 2021, to achieve EU-wide 5G coverage by 2030

The audit shows that there are delays in 5G network rollouts and in transposing the EU’s objectives into member states’ national 5G strategies or broadband plans. The ECA also warns that this could result in a digital divide between different parts of the EU in terms of quality and ability to access 5G services. 

In the article below we will examine the following:

• Current 5G landscape in Europe
• 5G performance across Europe 
• Private 5G networks on the horizon 
• Addressing the virtualization challenge at the EU level

Current 5G landscape in Europe

According to GSMA Intelligence data, 84 operators deployed 5G services in 31 countries as of January 2022. The State of Digital Communications report published by the European Telecommunications Network Operators’ Association (ETNO) states that the uptake of 5G in Europe accounts for only 2.8% of the total mobile connections, compared to 13.4% in the United States and 29.3% in South Korea: despite being available to 62% of the population.

​Spectrum plays a critical role in 5G deployments.

As per the EC 2016 5G Action Plan, countries across the EU were meant to make low-band spectrum available for use by June 30, 2020, and mid- and high-band spectrums by December 31, 2020. Yet, as the chart shows, four countries out of 30 analyzed are yet to assign spectrum. The delays related to spectrum assignment stem from multiple reasons ranging from the impact of COVID-19 on schedules to cross-border coordination with non-EU countries to weak demand from the operators’ side.  

3G network sunsetting advancing 

As operators look to optimize their network operations and costs and refarm spectrum for 4G and 5G, the pace of 2G/3G network shutdowns is increasing. However, the situation across Europe is more complicated than elsewhere. Based on public announcements, European operators will support 2G in the short term, phasing out 3G instead. The reasons for this are long term contracts with enterprises such as utility companies and automotive OEMs that need the 2G networks to be maintained but also eCall (emergency call) obligations. All new vehicle model types approved from March 31, 2018 and sold in the European Union are equipped with eCall, which uses circuit-switched services on 2G/3G network. 

A case in point being Vodafone U.K.’s recent announcement about phasing out 3G starting in 2023, while still offering 2G until the 2030s to support roaming and M2M/IoT devices. ​​Vodafone isn’t alone — Telefónica Deutschland (O2) announced last year it has accelerated the shutdown of its 3G network in various regions of Germany. 

5G performance across Europe

The important question is whether delays in spectrum assignments and supporting multiple network generations have affected the operators’ ability to deliver on 5G’s promise of faster speeds.

Comparing median 5G download speeds, it is apparent that the United Arab Emirates and South Korea are far ahead of the pack with over 500 Mbps median download speed in Q4 2021 according to Speedtest Intelligence®. However, Bulgaria, Norway, Saudi Arabia, and Sweden also made it to the 300 Mbps+ club.

In some cases, in the absence of dedicated 5G spectrum or to supplement existing spectrum, operators are using Dynamic Spectrum Sharing (DSS) to use the same spectrum band for different RAN technologies, which are allocated in real time. For instance, Swisscom has announced that it covers 99% of the country’s population with 5G, which borrows spectrum from its LTE network. The operator said that its 5G service on the 3.5 GHz (C-band) spectrum reaches 62% of the Swiss population. C-band spectrum is considered a sweet spot for 5G, as it strikes a good balance between capacity and coverage. 

The picture is slightly different when it comes to 5G Availability — the percentage of users on 5G-capable devices that spend most of the time with access to 5G networks. Not surprisingly, the U.S. is in the lead with 50% 5G Availability, having had 5G networks for almost three years and a large pool of customers with 5G capable devices. Most recently after much ado, Verizon and AT&T have finally launched 5G in mid (C-band) in an effort to catch up with T-Mobile’s 5G performance.

Within Europe, the Netherlands comes first, followed by Cyprus and Bulgaria. During its Q4 2021 results announcement KPN announced that it has modernized over 4,000 sites to date, and that its 5G network already covers more than 80% of the population using 700 MHz spectrum. The operator’s 5G strategy is focused on enabling a wider ecosystem but also on providing differentiating services for B2B customers in specific industries. 

Telemach Slovenia topped the charts in terms of median download speeds over 5G in Q4 2021. The operator is combining existing LTE spectrum with the 3.5 GHz and 700 MHz spectrum awarded in April 2021. Another operator from the United Group, Vivacom Bulgaria, also fared very well in this ranking. In April 2021, the operator won 100 MHz in the 3.7-3.8 GHz band for BGN4.6 million (€2.35m) but it had already launched the 5G network before with a temporary license in November 2020. András Pali, Vivacom CTO in an interview stated that the operator plans to invest 120 million in infrastructure in 2021. Vivacom utilizes DSS combining frequencies in 1.8, 2.1 and 3.6 GHz bands for 5G, so there is no compromise between coverage and speed.  

Swedish operators perform well in the ranking – three out of the four national operators rank as the top 10 fastest European players. Whilst Cyta has came in as the seventh fastest 5G provider, the operator has been recognised as the fastest mobile network in Europe in November 2021.

Private 5G networks on the horizon in Europe

We postulated in our recent blog that 5G networks will become a platform for innovation.

Enterprises, however, have a range of choices to secure 5G spectrum:

• Public networks with SLAs 
• Public networks with network slicing or local infrastructure (edge computing) 
• Private (non-standalone) network utilizing either their own or operator-owned spectrum.

Germany has been the hotbed for the localized spectrum. German industrial players such as Siemens and Bosch, who have been at the forefront of the Industry 4.0 movement, have already been awarded 5G spectrum and are experimenting with private 5G networks. For instance, Bosch put its first campus network into operation at its Industry 4.0 lead plant in 2020, and it is testing 5G applications at 10 plants worldwide. 

Other European countries have followed suit in assigning 5G spectrum for private networks including: France, the U.K., Sweden, Finland, and Croatia. It is important to note, though, that until the 5G devices ecosystem matures, the majority of private networks will continue to be 4G/LTE, despite using equipment that is 5G ready. Fortunately, private wireless using 4G/LTE can power the majority of OT use cases as it brings major improvements in capabilities vs legacy wireless technology. 

In its latest private networks (Q4 2021) count, Nokia sees a similar trend. According to the latest data shared by Nokia, 87% of customer networks were 4.9G/LTE, 13% were 5G only— mostly composed of test networks for universities and deployments in countries where the vertical spectrum is more suitable for 5G private wireless — while the remainder had both technologies — often made of customers running the main operations with 4G/LTE while trialing and validating 5G in their labs/part of their operation. Nokia also anticipates chipsets based on Release 16 to come to market in 2023, which is slightly later than previously expected. This will result in the ability to start validating Release 16 5G industrial features (reliable latency) to convince industrial OEMs of the capabilities of 5G. Release 17 and later releases are expected to power new innovative use cases and to integrate 5G in their systems/machines/etc., but the timeframe is not known at this point in time.

Vodafone is one of the operators that is upbeat on the potential for private networks in Europe stating that a million companies in Europe could benefit from private mobile networks by the end of the decade. 

Addressing the virtualization challenge at the EU level 

Networks are increasingly becoming virtualized and disaggregated. Rakuten was the first operator to disrupt the established RAN market and has been joined by Dish Network and German 1&1 Drillish, which is working with Rakuten and NEC. 

Open-RAN Deployments

Many European markets have banned Chinese network equipment, and a number of European telcos are in the process of removing existing kits from their networks. Although this is good news for European vendors and smaller players, leading European operators voiced concerns that more actions are needed and have called for EU support. In November 2021, five leading telco groups: Deutsche Telekom (DT), Orange, Telefonica, Telecom Italia (TIM), and Vodafone Group, published a joint report to highlight the urgency of collaboration on Open RAN. The report, which is aimed at policymakers, EU member states and the wider ecosystem, concludes that in order for Europe to remain competitive in the 5G but also in the 6G era, Open RAN has to become a pillar of the Industrial Policy and Digital Compass strategy. The report also highlighted the risk of Europe falling behind the rest of the world — there are 13 major Open-RAN players compared to 57 elsewhere — with the majority of European telcos at the early stages of development without commercial relationships in place. These operators are active proponents of Open-RAN. In June 2021, they also voiced their Open-RAN technical priorities to foster ecosystem development. Open RAN Technical Priority Document represents the joint requirements of DT, Orange, TIM, Telefonica, and Vodafone, following the MOU they signed earlier. The whitepaper is designed to show vendors where to focus to enable European deployments based on operators’ timelines. It is important for telcos to work in collaboration with vendors so that everyone has a similar set of expectations — including support for “mix and match” integration models to avoid vendor lock-in.

The disaggregation and virtualization of RAN is closely linked with edge computing since Open-RAN can be deployed in a cloud environment using virtualized or containerized network functions. This opens up opportunities for further innovation. In recognition of that, the UK set a goal of having 35% of its telecom network traffic carried over Open-RAN by 2030. Vodafone switched on the first U.K. 5G Open-RAN site and opened a dedicated R&D center in Malaga, Spain to accelerate the digital, supported by the investment of €225 million over the next five years.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, chipset shortages have affected industries, and although telco has fared relatively well, sectors such as automotive have been much harder hit (car production has decreased by one third in 2021). However, the EU is looking to bring this dependency closer to home, providing significant funding in the form of the digital fund, to bring chip manufacturing to Europe. Intel has committed to spend €80bn expanding its EU manufacturing capacity and just recently the EC has proposed the European Chips Act to facilitate achieving is ambition of doubling the EU’s share in global production to 20% in 2030. This could have a major impact on 5G in Europe, so could have other initiatives to improve 5G infrastructure such as 5G coverage along cross-border corridors and 5G for smart communities. Lastly, access to skills and talent in emerging technologies (AI, ML) also suffers from uneven geographical spread. Partnerships will be critical and educational programmes will be needed to bring the talent home to ensure Europe doesn’t fall behind in this area too, especially when it comes to developer skills.

Ookla® will be at MWC Barcelona 2022 later this month. Come visit us at our Stand 2I28 in Hall 2, to talk with us about the 5G trend. 

2022 will see work start on defining 5G-Advanced (Release 18), while further spectrum will be assigned for 5G use, new networks rolled out (including private 5G) as well as testing and deployment of Open RAN, standalone (SA) 5G, mmWave, and use of the public cloud. All of this investment stems from the fact that 5G has been deemed to be a transformative technology … but how close are we to that reality? In the lead up to Mobile World Congress (MWC), we reflect on what operators and the wider ecosystem will focus on at the event and beyond when it comes to 5G. If you’d like to know more about these trends and more, we are happy to discuss them in person at MWC or virtually.

As 5G scales, global average speeds will fall and disparities widen

5G continued to scale during 2021, with the Ookla® 5G Map™ recording 5G deployments in 116 countries as of December 31, 2021, up from 99 countries on the same date a year ago. 2022 will see further spectrum auctions in key 5G bands, and further launches, extending 5G’s geographic reach to large but lower-ARPU markets in Latin America, Africa, the Indian subcontinent, and developing areas in Asia Pacific. Characterized by higher population density, lower ARPU and lower levels of fiber backhaul penetration, growth in new markets is likely to drive global 5G median speeds downwards. At the same time, 5G will offer significantly faster speeds than current 4G networks provide in these regions, and in many cases, 5G will help relieve the pressure on over-congested networks. It will also lead to lower average prices for 5G smartphones globally as vendors target these new markets.

Over the course of 2022, we’ll witness further deployments of SA 5G and in mid- and high-frequency spectrum, which will see some markets like the United States begin to play catch-up internationally, while extending the lead of others. We already see huge variation in 5G performance between markets — more so than any cellular technology to date — and even between competing in-market operators. Our end of year wrap up piece on 5G, Growing and Slowing: The State of 5G Worldwide in 2021, examined city-level 5G network performance and found that Seoul, South Korea was the fastest 5G market in Q3 2021 with a median download speed of 530.83 Mbps, while Brasilia, Brazil underperformed, recording only 58.81 Mbps. While backhaul infrastructure can be a bottleneck, particularly in more developing markets, we see two key levers by which regulators and operators can help drive performance improvements: spectrum availability in a combination of low, mid, and high bands and the level of network densification. The recent launch of 5G in the C-band by Verizon Wireless in the U.S. is a prime example, with Ookla®  Speedtest Intelligence® data showing an uplift in early speeds, but still leaving it behind market leader T-Mobile. 

Reducing the environmental impact of 5G is top of the agenda

We’ve already seen considerable attention from vendors and operators as they look to optimize network energy use and this will continue to be a key focus point for 2022 and beyond. While 5G itself is more efficient than 4G per unit of traffic (90% according to a joint study by Nokia & Telefonica), the sheer level of traffic it will support is projected to increase total network energy consumption by approximately 160% by 2030 according to ABI Research. With energy costs at record highs globally and the environmental impact of related emissions rising (despite on-going moves to decarbonize energy grids), the need to make 5G networks more energy efficient is only increasing. 

Putting parts of the RAN to sleep when demand is low is one key energy saving method, where operators can use machine learning and AI to predict traffic patterns and power down individual radios in a MIMO deployment — or even put entire cell sites to sleep. Maintaining legacy networks puts additional pressure on operator margins, while also perpetuating inefficiencies in terms of energy use. Planned generational sunsetting for 2G and 3G will see further spectral assets being made available for 5G, while also transitioning legacy connections to the more efficient technology. 2021 has seen the largest number of networks sunset so far — with 33 set to be turned off according to GSMA Intelligence — and this trend will continue in 2022.

Spectrum ownership and deployment models fall under the spotlight  

2022 will start to see the effectiveness of new models of 5G spectrum and network ownership weighed, starting with the Single Wholesale Network (SWN). Governments and regulators worldwide see 5G as a means to accelerate the digital transformation of their industries and foster economic growth. That’s why we see them playing a much more visible role in the 5G era, looking to spur deployment by providing incentives, easing regulatory and planning bottlenecks, and ensuring timely access to key spectrum bands. We’re also seeing new and in some cases recycled spectrum and network ownership models come to the fore, with innovative models of spectrum assignment like the CBRS band in the U.S.  and the allocation of spectrum to verticals (e.g., manufacturing in Germany). 2021 has already seen a number of mobile private networks launched and this trend will continue in 2022. The Government of Malaysia, having allocated spectrum to a special purpose vehicle (the Digital Nasional Berhad ) to deploy a single wholesale 5G network, is now reconsidering its approach to 5G deployment, with a decision due by the end of January. All eyes will be on the outcome of this decision, given the checkered history of SWNs to date, but it could provide an interesting case study for other markets to consider when launching 5G if successful.

Standalone 5G’s improvements to latency and upload performance begin to bear fruit

Speedtest Intelligence data clearly shows that headline 5G download performance trumps upload performance for network operators. While historically demand has been largely asymmetric, the trend to remote working as a result of the pandemic and continued growth in social media use and video calling increases the reliance on network uplink performance. Over time, we’re likely to see network operators begin to place more emphasis on differentiating their performance across both download and upload speeds. However, in the short term, we’ll start to see upload performance enhancements driven by the implementation of carrier aggregation where it allows operators to migrate uplink and control channels to lower-frequency bands, thereby expanding the reach and capacity of 5G networks, as well as the introduction of 256QAM and MIMO for uplink connections. 

However, speed is just one side of the 5G story. Release 16 brings about additional capabilities in terms of latency and density. Starting in 2022, 5G technology will go beyond pockets of high-speed mobile broadband to deliver low latency, high density, industry specific applications that make use of cloud and edge technologies to deliver widely available and immersive 5G consumer capabilities. Even though there are no concrete timelines for 5G network slicing commercial solutions, Google’s  recent Android 12 announcement brought network slicing one step closer to becoming a commercial reality. Google has already been testing networking slicing with Nokia and Ericsson, and Taiwan’s Far EasTone has conducted proof-of-concept trials using Android 12 devices connected to multiple 5G slices utilizing URSP.

5G networks become a platform for innovation 

MWC will showcase the ways enterprises are utilizing 5G technologies to change business models and create new value. 5G has been designed as a platform play from its inception, bringing together cloud and edge technologies into compelling services. Networks are increasingly becoming virtualized, as telcos consider hosting non network-related applications and moving more assets (such as network functions) to the public cloud in order to increase flexibility and reduce costs. Over the course of 2022, we’re likely to see more operators follow in Dish’s footsteps, which in April 2021 contracted AWS to provide RAN and core infrastructure for its cloud-native, open 5G network. To make this happen at scale, partnerships between hyperscalers and the wider ecosystem is a necessity: AWS, Microsoft, and Google, are already recruiting operators to their respective clouds across core as well as edge estates, as exhibited by the large number of partnerships signed over the past year.

5G has also been designed with enterprises’ requirements in mind. As such, 5G’s improvements in terms of lower latency, faster transmission speeds, and increased network capacity (massive IoT) open the door to digital transformation of enterprises, and what’s more important, enable new use cases. 5G SA offers the most benefits, allowing support for a wide range of devices and applications with more demanding bandwidth requirements, including wireless robots and real-time video surveillance, compared to Wi-Fi and 4G. 

That’s the theory but how are things working out in practice? RootMetrics® recently measured the performance of T-Mobile’s 5G SA vs NSA in Las Vegas. T-Mobile’s 5G SA network delivered speeds over twice as fast as its speed on NSA 5G. In the future, 5G SA will also deliver time-sensitive networking for high-precision devices. As operator deployments of 5G SA networks scale, so too will enterprise adoption of advanced 5G features such as edge computing and network slicing. Operators are already looking for ways to innovate and monetize 5G, with Softbank leveraging its 5G Consortium, consisting of vertical players, experts, and 5G partners, “to support advanced healthcare, automated driving and other next-generation societal infrastructure”.  

Ookla will be at MWC Barcelona 2022 later this month. Come visit us at our Stand 2I28 in Hall 2, to talk with us about the future of 5G.