| March 19, 2025

Fiber-Rich, Wi-Fi Poor: Spain Exemplifies the Scourge of Outdated Wi-Fi | Rica en fibra y pobre en Wi-Fi: España ejemplifica la ‘enfermedad’ del Wi-Fi obsoleto

Spanish/Español

Spain leads Europe in fiber deployment but is now paying the price for neglecting modern Wi-Fi CPE, undermining its global competitiveness in fixed broadband performance. 

Spain’s remarkable transformation from a telecoms laggard a decade ago to a global leader in fiber availability has been dizzying in both scale and speed. Widely hailed as a model of best practice, this transformation has played a key role in vaulting the country to the forefront of Europe in economic growth over the last two years, supporting the attraction of inward investment in precision manufacturing, renewables, and a growing digital nomad community.

If deploying fiber to as many doorsteps as possible were a sprint, Spain would have won hands down. But the real race—the marathon of extending gigabit coverage throughout the entire home, beyond merely the doorstep—requires modernizing Wi-Fi customer premises equipment (CPE). Here, Spain is falling behind, eroding its global competitiveness in fixed broadband performance and limiting Spanish ISPs’ ability to differentiate in a market saturated with multiple overlapping fiber builds.

This chasm between the highly capable fiber connections reaching most Spanish homes and the outdated Wi-Fi equipment delivering that connectivity to end devices exemplifies the paradox of ‘old’ fiber markets like Spain. As an early mover in fiber, Spain migrated from copper before modern Wi-Fi 6 and Wi-Fi 7 CPE—designed to fully leverage fiber’s multi-gigabit potential—became widely available.

Key Takeaways

  • Spain features one of the oldest and least capable Wi-Fi footprints in Europe: By the end of 2024, two-thirds of all Wi-Fi connections in Spain still relied on legacy standards (Wi-Fi 4 and Wi-Fi 5) based on Speedtest Intelligence® data, leaving the country notably behind peers with lower fiber penetration, including neighboring France, the United Kingdom, and all Nordic countries. This deep entrenchment of legacy Wi-Fi standards is artificially constraining the performance of Spain’s full-fiber connections, contributing to its underperformance in the Speedtest Global Index™ compared to countries with less extensive fiber deployment.
  • The capabilities of Spain’s Wi-Fi footprint vary significantly across different ISPs: DIGI has distinguished itself  by offering modern CPE with Wi-Fi 6 as standard across its subscriber base, benefiting from its position as a newer entrant without a legacy customer base. This has driven its strong lead in Wi-Fi 6 penetration in Spain—nearly half of all Speedtest samples on DIGI connections in January used Wi-Fi 6 or 7, compared to less than a quarter on Movistar and Vodafone—enhancing its overall fixed broadband performance. By comparison, ISPs that were slow to introduce modern CPE, such as Movistar, or restricted access to subscribers opting for premium equipment rental add-ons, like Vodafone, retain a much larger share of users on legacy Wi-Fi standards.
  • Modern CPE with Wi-Fi 6 and 7 deliver significant performance gains across all ISPs: The gap between advertised fiber speeds to the doorstep (typically achievable via wired Ethernet) and actual Wi-Fi performance is smallest in homes where Wi-Fi 6 and 7 CPE have been deployed. At the end of 2024, median download speeds on Wi-Fi 6 in Spain reached 419.13 Mbps, exceeding Wi-Fi 5 speeds by more than 54% and surpassing Wi-Fi 4 performance by an order of magnitude. Meanwhile, median latency on Wi-Fi 7 connections (19 ms) was notably improved compared to outcomes on earlier Wi-Fi standards. 

Spain is a victim of its own success, having deployed fiber far and wide before the arrival of Wi-Fi 6 and 7

Spain typifies the legacy Wi-Fi challenges now confronting Europe’s early fiber adopters—countries that moved aggressively to deploy full-fiber networks using GPON (Gigabit Passive Optical Network) technology. The market incumbent, Telefónica, began large-scale fiber deployment in the early 2010s, accelerating from 2015. By the end of the decade, Spain had leapfrogged most countries in fiber coverage and the migration from copper-based DSL, with a groundswell of investment driving multiple overlapping fiber builds across many areas.

The scale of Spain’s success in fiber deployment is often under-appreciated. The European Commission’s latest DESI Index reported that over 95% of Spanish households were passed by a full-fiber network—well above the EU average of 64%. This has placed Spain within striking distance of the Commission’s Digital Decade 2030 target of achieving full-fiber coverage across all member states by the end of the decade.

Spain Continues to Lead Europe in Fiber Deployment
European Commission | DESI 2018 – 2024

Spain’s initial fiber rollouts in the early 2010s coincided with Wi-Fi 4 being the de facto standard for many ISP-supplied CPE. Based on a 2009 standard, Wi-Fi 4 offers theoretical maximum download speeds of up to 600 Mbps. By the peak of fiber deployment in the latter half of the decade, Wi-Fi 5 had become the state-of-the-art standard, delivering peak speeds of 3.5 Gbps and gradually becoming dominant. For instance, in 2016, Telefónica’s Movistar fiber CPE featured a dual-band Wi-Fi 5 model, which was considered high-end at the time.

By the time Wi-Fi 6—the first standard truly designed for multi-gigabit fiber based on XGS-PON (the latest optical networking technology enabling symmetrical speeds of up to 10 Gbps)—became available, Spanish ISPs had already deployed tens of millions of legacy CPE. Analysis of Speedtest Intelligence data reveals that Wi-Fi 4 and Wi-Fi 5 CPE have remained deeply entrenched in Spain’s fiber base, collectively accounting for over 75% of all fixed connections by December 2024, based on Speedtest sample share. 

Competitive dynamics play a key role in shaping Wi-Fi outcomes across countries and ISPs

The long tail of legacy Wi-Fi CPE in Spain stands in stark contrast to other fiber-rich countries like neighboring France, another European leader in fiber deployment—though it lagged behind Spain until recent years. By December 2024, Wi-Fi 6 accounted for nearly a third of all Wi-Fi connections in France, compared to less than a quarter in Spain.

Beyond France’s later fiber deployment timeline compared to Spain, broader competitive dynamics and consumer behavior have likely influenced the differences in Wi-Fi adoption between the two countries. While Spain’s fixed market is highly competitive, it has been led by a few large converged players that have traditionally prioritized convergence and bundling over investing in cutting-edge CPE.

For the most part, Spanish ISPs have traditionally competed on price, content, and speed tiers, with Wi-Fi CPE upgrades not seen as a key differentiator. In France, by contrast, the entry of market disruptor Iliad’s Free at the start of the last decade intensified competition not just on price but also on innovation in the ‘internet box.’ For over a decade, Free set the market pace by integrating cutting-edge technology into its Freebox gateways, from built-in media servers to high-end Wi-Fi.

Wi-Fi 6 Penetration Continues to Rise Slowly in Spain
Speedtest Intelligence® | January 2025

This sparked a ‘box war’ in France, where rival ISPs faced competitive pressure to regularly update their CPE to avoid being outpaced. For example, when Free introduced a Wi-Fi 6-capable Freebox for new subscribers, Orange (Livebox 6) and Bouygues (Bbox Wi-Fi 6) quickly followed suit with their own offerings, treating hardware as a key competitive feature to attract subscribers.

Additionally, French ISPs typically included these newer CPE solutions at no extra cost in standard fiber tariffs. When Orange launched the Livebox 6 in 2022 with Wi-Fi 6E support—leveraging additional spectrum in the 6 GHz band to boost theoretical maximum speeds to 9.6 Gbps—it made the device available to all new fiber customers on eligible tariffs. Free took a similar approach earlier with its mid-range Freebox Pop, adding Wi-Fi 6 support in 2021 for new sign-ups without increasing the base subscription fee.

The absence of a Free-equivalent disruptor in Spain until the later arrival of DIGI, combined with a longstanding focus on bundling and content rather than CPE hardware and multi-gigabit tariffs for competitive differentiation, has likely been a key factor in dampening the adoption of Wi-Fi 6 and 7 in Spain.

DIGI's Emphasis on Modern CPE Drives Leadership in Wi-Fi 6 Penetration
Speedtest Intelligence® | January 2025

  • Telefónica’s Movistar: Movistar introduced its first Wi-Fi 6 CPE (Smart Wi-Fi 6) in mid-2022. The ISP initially sought to monetize the device, charging a one-time installation fee for existing customers while bundling it with a new high-speed multi-gigabit tariff. By January, Wi-Fi 6 accounted for as much as 19% of Movistar’s customer base, based on Speedtest sample share.

    The ISP leveraged its presence at MWC 2025 in Barcelona to unveil plans for a Wi-Fi 7 CPE solution, designed to harness the higher-speed multi-gigabit tariffs enabled by its XGS-PON upgrades and expansion. As it phases out legacy hardware, the ISP is accelerating the migration of subscribers from Wi-Fi 4 and 5 CPE, with Speedtest Intelligence data revealing a progressive decline in Wi-Fi 4 penetration since August last year in Movistar’s base.

    At the start of this year, it announced that all new Movistar fixed subscribers, regardless of tariff tier, would receive its Smart Wi-Fi 6 solution as standard, replacing the previous ‘HGU’ Wi-Fi 5-based offering and replicating the strategy of DIGI.

Movistar is Making Progress in Driving Down Wi-Fi 4 Usage
Speedtest Intelligence® | January 2025

  • Orange: Orange was among the first major ISPs in Spain to introduce Wi-Fi 6 CPE, bringing its Livebox 6 and later Livebox 7 solutions from France to the Spanish market starting in 2021, later extending them to sub-brands like Jazztel. The ISP provided this CPE free of charge to new customers across all tariffs, regardless of speed tier. Like Movistar, it initially charged existing subscribers a (monthly, in this case) fee to upgrade to the new hardware. This relatively early and widespread deployment has given Orange a lead in Wi-Fi 6 adoption over Movistar, with as much as 35% of connections on the ISP using the standard by January, based on Speedtest sample share.

    The ISP has since introduced the ‘Livebox Wi-Fi 7’ CPE solution, bundled with a new suite of 10 Gbps converged fiber tariffs. Leveraging Orange’s XGS-PON footprint, it offers among the highest advertised provisioned speeds in the Spanish market.
  • Vodafone: Vodafone introduced its ‘Wi-Fi 6 Station’ in Spain around mid-2021, making it one of the earliest Wi-Fi 6 solutions in the market. However, the ISP positioned it as a premium add-on rather than a standard feature. While new customers could access the Wi-Fi 6 Station, it was initially bundled with Vodafone’s ‘Super Wi-Fi 6’ service, which required a monthly rental fee unless they were on the top Gigabit plan.

    As a result, customers who did not opt in and pay extra continued to receive the older Wi-Fi 5-based CPE by default (similar to many other ISPs). This approach, combined with the legacy composition of Vodafone’s HFC (hybrid fiber-coaxial) base,  has left the ISP’s Wi-Fi 6 adoption lagging behind competitors, with fewer than 14% of its connections using the standard by January based on Speedtest sample share. 

DIGI is the only Spanish ISP where Wi-Fi 6 penetration surpasses Wi-Fi 5
Speedtest Intelligence® | January 2025

  • DIGI: Unlike other ISPs managing a diverse base of legacy customers across various access technologies and CPE generations, DIGI’s relatively recent entry into the Spanish market has given it a significant competitive advantage, allowing it to build a subscriber base largely equipped with newer Wi-Fi CPE. 

    In early 2022, the ISP introduced a Wi-Fi 6 CPE solution for all its fiber subscribers at no additional cost, ensuring that even customers on DIGI’s basic tariffs received the latest Wi-Fi hardware. This approach has driven rapid Wi-Fi 6 adoption, with penetration surpassing 46% by January. DIGI remains the only Spanish ISP where Wi-Fi 6 represents a larger share of its connection base than Wi-Fi 5, contributing to its lead in fixed download speed performance in the market.

    Building on this, last year, DIGI became the first Spanish ISP to launch a Wi-Fi 7 CPE solution in partnership with ZTE, initially bundling the hardware with its premium ‘Pro-DIGI’ tariffs, which leverage XGS-PON to offer advertised symmetrical speeds of up to 10 Gbps. However, adoption remains limited, with Wi-Fi 7 accounting for less than 1% of Speedtest samples on DIGI in January.

Newer Wi-Fi standards enhance performance across all metrics and Spanish ISPs

Despite the wide variation in Wi-Fi standard adoption among Spanish ISPs, the common feature is that newer CPE models drive significant performance improvements across all metrics. Most notably, Wi-Fi 6 and 7 are playing a key role in narrowing the performance gap between advertised fiber speeds—typically achievable via wired Ethernet—and real-world wireless performance in Spanish homes.

Wi-Fi 6 and Wi-Fi 7 Drive Substantial Performance Gains Across All ISPs and Metrics
Speedtest Intelligence® | January 2025

At the end of 2024, median download speeds on Wi-Fi 7 in Spain reached 664.25 Mbps, surpassing Wi-Fi 6 by 58% and more than doubling speeds on Wi-Fi 5. Median upload speeds on Wi-Fi 7, enhanced by features like Multi-Link Operation (MLO), which enables simultaneous transmissions across multiple spectrum bands, reached 449.69 Mbps—28% higher than Wi-Fi 6 and 51% above Wi-Fi 5. Wi-Fi 7 also delivered marked latency improvements, with a median latency of 19 ms, up to 12% lower than Wi-Fi 6.

Wi-Fi 7 is Key to Unlocking the Full Potential of Multi-Gigabit Fiber Tariffs
Speedtest Intelligence® | January 2025

The proliferation of multi-gigabit tariffs with XGS-PON, which has progressed more slowly in Spain than in other fiber-rich markets like France but is now accelerating thanks to moves by ISPs like DIGI and Orange, underlines the need for CPE capable of fully utilizing provisioned speeds and spreading gigabit performance throughout the home. Speedtest Intelligence data reveals that early Wi-Fi 7 CPE deployments are the first to achieve median download speeds exceeding 1 Gbps at the 90th percentile in Spain, showcasing how Wi-Fi 7’s technical advances like wider channel bandwidth and higher modulation are emerging as key differentiators for the technology in the premium segment.

Newer Wi-Fi Generations Drive Latency Improvements
Speedtest Intelligence® | January 2025

Driving adoption of newer Wi-Fi standards requires fresh strategies but create new revenue opportunities for ISPs

As advanced fiber markets like Spain mature, the focus is shifting from simply delivering gigabit speeds to the doorstep to ensuring seamless whole-home performance that meets the diverse demands of emerging connected devices. As a result, investments in enhancing the Wi-Fi experience through ISP-supplied CPE will be key to differentiating multi-gigabit tariffs beyond price and ensuring the full potential of fiber connections can be realised.

Spain must accelerate the modernization of its Wi-Fi base to fully capitalize on substantial investments in XGS-PON, deliver meaningful improvements in quality of experience (QoE) for consumers, and catch up with leading markets in the Nordics. Spanish ISPs can take cues from neighboring countries like France, where CPE upgrades are bundled with tariff speed upgrades, and targeted swap-and-replace programs systematically identify and phase out legacy Wi-Fi hardware to drive adoption of next-generation Wi-Fi 6 and 7 equipment. Recent moves by ISPs like Telefónica’s Movistar to sunset legacy CPE and provide Wi-Fi 6 solutions as standard are evidence of progress in this respect.

Leading European ISPs that have prioritized consumer awareness of Wi-Fi standards and their impact on fiber performance—while modernizing their Wi-Fi CPE base to support monetizable offerings like minimum speed guarantees in every room—are seeing tangible benefits. This strategy not only enhances the overall fixed broadband experience but also unlocks new revenue streams through service differentiation.


Rica en fibra y pobre en Wi-Fi: España ejemplifica la ‘enfermedad’ del Wi-Fi obsoleto

España lidera Europa en despliegue de fibra, pero está pagando el precio de descuidar la modernización de equipos Wi-Fi, lo que socava su competitividad global en rendimiento de banda ancha fija.

La notable transformación de España, que hace una década pasó de ser un país rezagado en telecomunicaciones a convertirse en líder mundial en disponibilidad de fibra, ha sido vertiginosa tanto en escala como en velocidad. Aclamada ampliamente como modelo de buenas prácticas, esta transformación ha desempeñado un papel clave para que el país se sitúe a la vanguardia de Europa en crecimiento económico durante los dos últimos años, apoyando la atracción de inversión en fabricación de precisión, energías renovables y una creciente comunidad de nómadas digitales.

Si el despliegue de fibra en el mayor número posible de hogares fuera una carrera de velocidad, España habría ganado sin duda alguna. Pero la verdadera carrera -la maratón de extender la cobertura gigabit a todo el hogar, más allá de la puerta- requiere modernizar los equipos Wi-Fi de las instalaciones del cliente (CPE). En este aspecto, España se está quedando rezagada, lo que merma su competitividad global en rendimiento de banda ancha fija y limita la capacidad de los proveedores de servicios de internet (ISP) españoles para diferenciarse en un mercado saturado con múltiples despliegues de fibra que se solapan. 

Este abismo entre las conexiones de fibra de alta capacidad que llegan a la mayoría de los hogares españoles y los anticuados equipos Wi-Fi que suministran esa conectividad a los dispositivos finales ejemplifica la paradoja de los “antiguos” mercados de fibra como España. Como pionera en fibra, España migró desde el cobre antes de que los modernos CPE Wi-Fi 6 y Wi-Fi 7 -diseñados para aprovechar al máximo el potencial multi-gigabit de la fibra- estuvieran ampliamente disponibles.

Aspectos Clave:

  • España cuenta con una de las huellas Wi-Fi más antiguas y menos capaces de Europa. A finales de 2024, dos tercios de todas las conexiones Wi-Fi en España todavía dependían de estándares heredados (Wi-Fi 4 y Wi-Fi 5), dejando al país notablemente por detrás de sus iguales con menor penetración de fibra, incluyendo la vecina Francia, el Reino Unido y todos los países nórdicos. Este profundo arraigo de los estándares Wi-Fi heredados está limitando artificialmente el rendimiento de las conexiones de fibra de España, contribuyendo a su bajo rendimiento en el Speedtest Global Index™ en comparación con países con un despliegue de fibra menos extenso.
  • Las capacidades de la huella Wi-Fi de España varían significativamente entre los distintos ISP. DIGI se ha distinguido por ofrecer CPE modernos con Wi-Fi 6 como estándar a toda su base de abonados, beneficiándose de su posición como nuevo operador sin una base de clientes heredada. Esto ha impulsado su fuerte liderazgo en la penetración de Wi-Fi 6 en España -casi la mitad de todas las muestras de Speedtest en conexiones de DIGI en enero utilizaban Wi-Fi 6 o 7, frente a menos de una cuarta parte en Movistar y Vodafone-, mejorando su rendimiento global de banda ancha fija. En comparación, los ISP que tardaron en introducir CPE modernos, como Movistar, o que restringieron el acceso a los abonados que optaron por complementos de alquiler de equipos premium, como Vodafone, conservan una cuota mucho mayor de usuarios con estándares Wi-Fi heredados.
  • Los CPE modernos con Wi-Fi 6 y 7 ofrecen importantes mejoras de rendimiento en todos los proveedores. La diferencia entre las velocidades de fibra anunciadas hasta la puerta de casa (normalmente alcanzables a través de Ethernet por cable) y el rendimiento Wi-Fi real es menor en los hogares en los que se han desplegado CPE Wi-Fi 6 y 7. A finales de 2024, las velocidades medianas de descarga en Wi-Fi 6 en España alcanzaron los 419,13 Mbps, superando las velocidades de Wi-Fi 5 en más de un 54% y el rendimiento de Wi-Fi 4 en un orden de magnitud. Mientras tanto, la latencia mediana de las conexiones Wi-Fi 7 (19 ms) mejoró notablemente en comparación con los resultados de los estándares Wi-Fi anteriores.

España, víctima de su propio éxito: desplegó fibra por todas partes antes de la llegada de Wi-Fi 6 y 7

España es un ejemplo típico de los retos que plantea el Wi-Fi heredado a los que fueron los primeros en adoptar la fibra óptica en Europa, países que se lanzaron a desplegar redes de fibra completa con tecnología GPON (Gigabit Passive Optical Network, red óptica pasiva Gigabit). En este sentido, Telefónica inició el despliegue de fibra a gran escala a principios de la década de 2010 y lo aceleró a partir de 2015. A finales de la década, España se había adelantado a la mayoría de los países en cobertura de fibra y en la migración desde la DSL basada en cobre, con una inversión que impulsó múltiples despliegues de fibra superpuestos en muchas zonas. 

A menudo se subestima la magnitud del éxito de España en el despliegue de fibra. El último índice DESI de la Comisión Europea indica que más del 95% de los hogares españoles contaban con una red de fibra óptica, lo que sitúa al país muy por encima de la media de la UE (64%). Esto ha colocado a España a una distancia asombrosa del objetivo de la Comisión para la Década Digital 2030 de lograr una cobertura total de fibra en todos los Estados miembros al final de la década.

España sigue liderando Europa en despliegue de fibra
Comisión Europea | DESI 2018-2024

Los despliegues iniciales de fibra en España a principios de 2010 coincidieron con el hecho de que el Wi-Fi 4 era el estándar de facto para muchos CPE suministrados por los operadores. De acuerdo con una norma de 2009, el Wi-Fi 4 ofrece velocidades máximas teóricas de descarga de hasta 600 Mbps. En el punto álgido del despliegue de fibra en la segunda mitad de la década, el Wi-Fi 5 se había convertido en el estándar de vanguardia, ofreciendo velocidades máximas de 3,5 Gbps y convirtiéndose gradualmente en dominante. Por ejemplo, en 2016, el CPE de fibra de Movistar contaba con un modelo Wi-Fi 5 de doble banda, considerado de gama alta en aquel momento.

Para cuando el Wi-Fi 6 (el primer estándar realmente diseñado para fibra multi-gigabit basado en XGS-PON -la última tecnología de redes ópticas que permite velocidades simétricas de hasta 10 Gbps-) estuvo disponible, los ISP españoles ya habían desplegado decenas de millones de CPE heredados. El análisis de los datos de Speedtest Intelligence revela que los CPE Wi-Fi 4 y Wi-Fi 5 han permanecido profundamente arraigados a la base de fibra de España, representando colectivamente más del 75% de todas las conexiones fijas en diciembre de 2024, según la cuota de muestras de Speedtest. 

La dinámica competitiva desempeña un papel clave en la configuración de los resultados de Wi-Fi de los distintos países e ISP

La gran cantidad de CPE Wi-Fi heredados en España contrasta fuertemente con otros países ricos en fibra, como la vecina Francia, otro líder europeo en despliegue de fibra a pesar de que ha ido a la zaga de España hasta hace pocos años. En diciembre de 2024, el Wi-Fi 6 representaba casi un tercio de todas las conexiones Wi-Fi en Francia, frente a menos de una cuarta parte en España.

Más allá del calendario de despliegue de fibra más tardío de Francia en comparación con el de España, es probable que la dinámica competitiva y el comportamiento de los consumidores hayan influido en las diferencias de adopción del Wi-Fi entre ambos países. Aunque el mercado fijo español es muy competitivo, ha estado liderado por unos pocos grandes operadores convergentes que tradicionalmente han dado prioridad al precio de los paquetes y a los contenidos frente a la inversión en CPE de vanguardia.

En su mayor parte, los ISP españoles han competido tradicionalmente en precio, contenido y niveles de velocidad, sin que las mejoras del CPE Wi-Fi se considerasen un diferenciador clave. En Francia, por el contrario, la entrada en el mercado de Free, de Iliad, a principios de la década pasada, intensificó la competencia no sólo en precios, sino también en innovación en la “caja de Internet”. Durante más de una década, Free marcó el ritmo del mercado integrando tecnología punta en sus pasarelas Freebox, desde servidores multimedia incorporados hasta Wi-Fi de alta gama.

La penetración del Wi-Fi 6 sigue creciendo lentamente en España
Speedtest Intelligence® | Enero 2025

Esto desencadenó una “guerra de cajas” en Francia, donde los operadores rivales se enfrentaron a la presión competitiva de actualizar periódicamente sus CPE para evitar ser superados. Por ejemplo, cuando Free introdujo un Freebox Wi-Fi 6 para nuevos abonados, Orange (Livebox 6) y Bouygues (Bbox Wi-Fi 6) no tardaron en lanzar sus propias ofertas, considerando el hardware como una característica competitiva clave para atraer abonados. 

Además, los ISP franceses solían incluir estas nuevas soluciones CPE sin coste adicional en las tarifas de fibra estándar. Cuando Orange lanzó el Livebox 6 en 2022 con soporte Wi-Fi 6E -aprovechando el espectro adicional en la banda de 6 GHz para aumentar las velocidades máximas teóricas a 9,6 Gbps- puso el dispositivo a disposición de todos los nuevos clientes de fibra con tarifas elegibles. Free ya había adoptado un enfoque similar con su Freebox Pop de gama media, añadiendo la compatibilidad con Wi-Fi 6 en 2021 para los nuevos suscriptores sin aumentar la cuota de suscripción básica.

La ausencia de un disruptor equivalente a Free en España hasta la posterior llegada de DIGI, combinada con un enfoque centrado desde hace tiempo en la paquetización y los contenidos más que en el hardware (CPE) y en las tarifas multi-gigabit para la diferenciación competitiva, ha sido probablemente un factor clave para frenar la adopción de Wi-Fi 6 y 7 en España.

Foco de DIGI en CPE modernos promueve liderazgo en la adopción de Wi-Fi 6
Speedtest Intelligence® | Enero 2025

  • Telefónica: Movistar introdujo su primer CPE Wi-Fi 6 (Smart Wi-Fi 6) a mediados de 2022. Inicialmente, el operador trató de rentabilizar el dispositivo cobrando una cuota única de instalación a los clientes y combinándolo con una nueva tarifa multi-gigabit de alta velocidad. En enero, el Wi-Fi 6 representaba hasta el 19% de la base de clientes de Movistar, según la cuota de muestreo de Speedtest. 

    El operador aprovechó su presencia en el MWC 2025 de Barcelona para desvelar sus planes para una solución CPE Wi-Fi 7, diseñada para aprovechar las tarifas multi-gigabit de mayor velocidad habilitadas por sus actualizaciones y ampliaciones XGS-PON. A medida que va eliminando hardware heredado, el operador está acelerando la migración de abonados desde CPE Wi-Fi 4 y 5. A este respecto, los datos de Speedtest Intelligence revelan un descenso progresivo de la penetración de Wi-Fi 4 desde agosto del año pasado en la base de Movistar. 

    A principios de este año, Movistar anunció que todos sus nuevos abonados de telefonía fija, independientemente del nivel de tarifa, recibirán su solución CPE ‘Smart Wi-Fi 6’, para sustituir la anterior oferta basada en Wi-Fi 5 ‘HGU’, replicando, así, la estrategia de DIGI.

Movistar avanza en la reducción del uso de Wi-Fi 4
Speedtest Intelligence® | Enero 2025

  • Orange: Orange fue uno de los primeros grandes operadores en España en introducir un CPE Wi-Fi 6, al traer sus soluciones Livebox 6 y más tarde Livebox 7 de Francia al mercado español a partir de 2021, y extenderlas más tarde a submarcas como Jazztel. El ISP proporcionó este CPE de forma gratuita a los nuevos clientes en todas las tarifas, independientemente del nivel de velocidad. Al igual que Movistar, cobró inicialmente a los abonados existentes una cuota (mensual, en este caso) para actualizar al nuevo hardware. Este despliegue relativamente temprano y generalizado ha dado a Orange una ventaja en la adopción de Wi-Fi 6 sobre Movistar, con hasta un 35% de sus conexiones utilizando el estándar en enero, según la cuota de muestra de Speedtest.

    Desde entonces, el operador ha introducido la solución CPE ‘Livebox Wi-Fi 7’, incluida en un nuevo paquete de tarifas de fibra convergente de 10 Gbps. Aprovechando la huella XGS-PON de Orange, ofrece las velocidades más altas anunciadas en el mercado español.
  • Vodafone: Vodafone introdujo su ‘Wi-Fi 6 Station’ en España a mediados de 2021, lo que la convierte en una de las primeras soluciones Wi-Fi 6 del mercado. Sin embargo, el proveedor la posicionó como un complemento premium más que como una característica estándar. Aunque los nuevos clientes podían acceder al router Wi-Fi 6, en un principio estaba vinculado al servicio ‘Súper Wi-Fi 6’, que exigía una cuota mensual de alquiler a menos que estuvieran en el plan gigabit superior. 

    En consecuencia, los clientes que no optaban por este servicio ni pagaban una cuota adicional seguían recibiendo por defecto el antiguo CPE basado en Wi-Fi 5 (al igual que en el caso de muchos otros operadores). Este enfoque, combinado con la composición heredada de la base HFC (fibra híbrida coaxial) de Vodafone, ha dejado la adopción de Wi-Fi 6 por parte del operador por detrás de sus competidores, con menos del 14% de sus conexiones utilizando este estándar en enero según la cuota de muestreo de Speedtest. 

DIGI es el único ISP español en el que la penetración de Wi-Fi 6 supera la de Wi-Fi 5
Speedtest Intelligence® | Enero 2025

  • DIGI: A diferencia de otros ISP que gestionan una base diversa de clientes heredados a través de diversas tecnologías de acceso y generaciones de CPE, la entrada relativamente reciente de DIGI en el mercado español le ha dado una ventaja competitiva significativa, lo que le ha permitido construir una base de suscriptores en gran parte equipada con CPE Wi-Fi más nuevos. 

    A principios de 2022, el operador introdujo una solución Wi-Fi 6 CPE para todos sus abonados de fibra sin coste adicional, garantizando que incluso los clientes de las tarifas básicas de DIGI recibieran el hardware Wi-Fi más reciente. Este enfoque ha impulsado la rápida adopción del Wi-Fi 6, con una penetración superior al 46% en enero. DIGI sigue siendo el único proveedor español en el que el Wi-Fi 6 representa una cuota mayor de su base de conexiones que Wi-Fi 5, lo que contribuye a su liderazgo en rendimiento de velocidad de descarga fija en el mercado

    Sobre esta base, el año pasado DIGI se convirtió en el primer operador español en lanzar una solución CPE Wi-Fi 7 en colaboración con ZTE, e incluyó inicialmente el hardware con sus tarifas premium ‘Pro-DIGI’, que aprovechan XGS-PON para ofrecer velocidades simétricas anunciadas de hasta 10 Gbps. Sin embargo, la adopción sigue siendo limitada, y el Wi-Fi 7 representó menos del 1% de las muestras de Speedtest en DIGI en enero.

Los nuevos estándares Wi-Fi mejoran el rendimiento en todas las métricas e ISP españoles

A pesar de la amplia variación en la adopción de estándares Wi-Fi entre los ISP españoles, un resultado común es que los nuevos modelos de CPE impulsan mejoras en el rendimiento significativas en todas las métricas. En particular, Wi-Fi 6 y Wi-Fi 7 desempeñan un papel clave en la reducción de la diferencia entre las velocidades de fibra anunciadas -que normalmente se consiguen a través de Ethernet por cable- y el rendimiento inalámbrico real en los hogares españoles.

Wi-Fi 6 y Wi-Fi 7 impulsan mejoras sustanciales en todos los ISP y métricas
Speedtest Intelligence® | Enero 2025

A finales de 2024, las velocidades medianas de descarga en Wi-Fi 7 en España alcanzaron los 664,25 Mbps, superando las de Wi-Fi 6 en un 58% y duplicando con creces las velocidades de Wi-Fi 5. Por su parte, las velocidades medianas de carga en Wi-Fi 7, mejoradas por características como la Operación Multienlace (MLO), que permite transmisiones simultáneas a través de múltiples bandas de espectro, alcanzaron los 449,69 Mbps, un 28% más que en Wi-Fi 6 y un 51% por encima de Wi-Fi 5. El Wi-Fi 7 también ofreció notables mejoras de latencia, con una latencia mediana de 19 ms, hasta un 12% inferior a la de Wi-Fi 6.

Wi-Fi 7 es clave para aprovechar el potencial de las tarifas de fibra multi gigabit
Speedtest Intelligence® | Enero 2025

La proliferación de tarifas multi-gigabit con XGS-PON, que ha progresado más lentamente en España que en otros mercados ricos en fibra, como Francia, pero que ahora se está acelerando gracias a los movimientos de operadores como DIGI y Orange, subraya la necesidad de CPE capaces de utilizar plenamente las velocidades provisionadas y extender el rendimiento gigabit por todo el hogar. Los datos de Speedtest Intelligence revelan que los primeros despliegues de CPE Wi-Fi 7 son los primeros en alcanzar velocidades medias de descarga superiores a 1 Gbps en el percentil 90 en España, lo que demuestra cómo los avances técnicos de Wi-Fi 7, como un mayor ancho de banda de canal y una modulación más alta, se están convirtiendo en diferenciadores clave de la tecnología en el segmento premium.

Las nuevas generaciones de Wi-Fi promueven mejoras en la latencia
Speedtest Intelligence® | Enero 2025

Impulsar la adopción de los nuevos estándares Wi-Fi requiere nuevas estrategias, pero crea nuevas oportunidades de ingresos para los ISP

A medida que los mercados avanzados de fibra (como el español) maduran, la atención pasa de centrarse simplemente en ofrecer velocidades gigabit hasta la puerta de casa a garantizar un rendimiento sin fisuras en todo el hogar, que satisfaga las diversas demandas de los dispositivos conectados emergentes. Como resultado, las inversiones para mejorar la experiencia Wi-Fi a través del CPE suministrado por el ISP serán clave para diferenciar las tarifas multi-gigabit más allá del precio y garantizar que se pueda aprovechar todo el potencial de las conexiones de fibra. 

España debe acelerar la modernización de su base Wi-Fi para capitalizar plenamente las importantes inversiones en XGS-PON, ofrecer mejoras significativas en la calidad de la experiencia (QoE) para los consumidores y alcanzar a los mercados líderes de los países nórdicos. Los operadores españoles pueden seguir el ejemplo de países vecinos como Francia, donde las actualizaciones de CPE se incluyen en las actualizaciones de velocidad de las tarifas, y los programas de intercambio y sustitución identifican y eliminan sistemáticamente el hardware Wi-Fi heredado para impulsar la adopción de equipos Wi-Fi 6 y 7 de nueva generación. Los recientes movimientos de ISP como Movistar para eliminar el CPE heredado y ofrecer soluciones Wi-Fi 6 de serie son una prueba de los avances en este sentido.

Los principales ISP europeos que han dado prioridad a la concienciación de los consumidores sobre los estándares Wi-Fi y su impacto en el rendimiento de la fibra, al tiempo que han modernizado su base de CPE Wi-Fi para dar soporte a ofertas rentables como las garantías de velocidad mínima en cada habitación, están viendo beneficios tangibles. Esta estrategia no sólo mejora la experiencia general de la banda ancha fija, sino que también desbloquea nuevas fuentes de ingresos a través de la diferenciación del servicio.

Ookla retains ownership of this article including all of the intellectual property rights, data, content graphs and analysis. This article may not be quoted, reproduced, distributed or published for any commercial purpose without prior consent. Members of the press and others using the findings in this article for non-commercial purposes are welcome to publicly share and link to report information with attribution to Ookla.

| October 8, 2023

Gulf ISPs should help fiber customers upgrade and configure their Wi-Fi routers to deliver faster speeds

Gulf countries improved fiber coverage and adoption by investing in fixed infrastructure, raising entry-level speeds, and making fiber services more affordable. Their efforts paid off, as evidenced by their improved position in Ookla’s Speedtest Global Index™. However, the persistent use of legacy and underperforming Wi-Fi standards in home networks can hamper efforts to provide the best network experience to customers.

Key messages

  • Wi-Fi 4 is still prevalent in the region which limits fiber’s potential. Many customers cannot get close to headline fixed broadband speeds because of the widespread use of Wi-Fi 4. Indeed, more than one-third of Speedtest® samples during Q2 2023 were using this old Wi-Fi standard. That means that a sizable proportion of users are not utilizing broadband services to their full potential.
  • Migrating to modern Wi-Fi standards can bring significant speed gains. On average, customers who used Wi-Fi 5 had a median download speed that was more than five times higher than those on Wi-Fi 4 in Q2 2023. Likewise, the speed over Wi-Fi 6 was 1.2 times faster on average than with Wi-Fi 5. Therefore, fixed broadband subscribers in the Gulf (most of whom use fiber services) with routers that only support Wi-Fi 4 would benefit the most from a CPE (Customer Premise Equipment) upgrade.
  • ISPs should do more to ensure their customers’ routers and smartphones are configured correctly. Even if consumers in the Gulf region own modern smartphones and Wi-Fi routers, they may still unknowingly use Wi-Fi 4 due to device misconfiguration and coverage constraints. ISPs can help educate consumers about how to correctly set up their home Wi-Fi routers and offer solutions to improve their indoor connectivity in order to use the more efficient 5 GHz spectrum band.

Most Gulf countries improved their global fixed broadband speed ranking since 2020

The GCC (Gulf Cooperation Council) region which comprises Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the U.A.E. leads the Middle East in fiber coverage and adoption. Local ISPs, backed by the government, accelerated fiber roll-outs to keep pace with the demand for data services and to ensure universal access to high-speed internet as part of national broadband development strategies. According to the FTTH Council industry body, the U.A.E. topped the global rankings for fiber household coverage, reaching 98.1% in September 2022, a position it has maintained since 2016. Qatar closely followed in the second position with 97.8% coverage.

These two GCC countries ranked ahead of Singapore (96.5%), Hong Kong (91.6%), and China (89.4%). In Bahrain, meanwhile, more than 88% of households were connected to the fiber infrastructure, whereas fiber coverage exceeded 60% in Saudi Arabia and reached 52% in Oman.

According to Speedtest Intelligence®, the U.A.E. leads the Gulf region in median download speeds at 236.67 Mbps in Q2 2023, a number that doubled since Q2 2022. Bahrain saw another story of improvement, with its median download speed reaching 70.17 Mbps, an increase of 46% year-on-year since Q2 2023. ISPs also saw significant improvements in upload speeds. Fixed upload speeds increased by 61% and 40% in Oman and Qatar, respectively, reaching 29.27 Mbps and 73.21 Mbps. Users in Bahrain experienced the biggest jump in median upload speed, which doubled between Q2 2022 and Q2 2023 to 20.37 Mbps.

As a result, most Gulf countries boosted their ranking in the Ookla Speedtest Global Index™. The U.A.E was ranked second in the Speedtest Global Index™ for median download speeds over fixed broadband in June 2023. Other GCC countries improved their rankings as well but trailed the U.A.E.

The telecom regulatory regimes and policies also helped, to different degrees, stimulate competition in the market, raise minimum broadband speeds, and reduce broadband tariffs. For example, in April 2023, Bahrain’s Telecommunications Regulatory Authority (TRA) approved an offer from BNET, the wholesale fixed infrastructure provider, to double the speed of entry-level fiber packages while maintaining the same wholesale prices. In the U.A.E., Etisalat by e& and du increased minimum download speeds to 500 Mbps and offered discounts on higher-tier fiber plans in 2022. 

Wi-Fi 4 is still prevalent in the region which limits fiber’s potential

The choice of Wi-Fi standards and spectrum bands has a direct impact on connectivity quality, throughput, and network coverage. Indeed, Wi-Fi 5 (802.11ac) significantly increases the maximum theoretical throughput speed of the access point to 3.5 Gbps, compared to 600 Mbps supported by the old Wi-Fi 4 (802.11n) standard. 

Wi-Fi 6/6E (802.11ax) supports even faster maximum data rates (up to 9.6 Gbps) and lower latency than earlier generations. It also combines 2.4 GHz, 5 GHz, and 6 GHz spectrum bands and wider channels for better throughput and less interference. Note that achievable speeds in real life will be much lower than these theoretical limits because of signal attenuation, interference, and the hardware and software variety of connected devices.

The rest of the analysis focuses on the most penetrated fiber markets in the region: Bahrain, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the U.A.E. We used the percentage of samples that used a particular Wi-Fi standard and frequency band when connecting to the CPE as a proxy for their adoption by wired broadband customers in each country. We assume that most of the results reflect the performance of fiber services given that fiber represents the majority of fixed broadband connections in these four markets.

Our results show that more than one-third of test samples reported using Wi-Fi 4 to connect to the fixed CPE, but this varies considerably by country. Bahrain has the highest incidence of samples that use Wi-Fi 4 and the lowest proportion of Wi-Fi 6. Wi-Fi 4 was more prevalent in the U.A.E. than Wi-Fi 6 (30.8% compared to 17.2% in Q2 2023). This suggests that the ISPs have an opportunity to improve the network experience for nearly a third of their customer base and extend their lead in the speed leaderboard if they can address that CPE speed bottleneck.

The distribution of samples by Wi-Fi standard is largely similar between the U.A.E and Saudi Arabia. The minimum broadband speed currently offered by ISPs in Saudi Arabia is 100 Mbps, while the median download speed on fixed broadband measured by Speedtest Intelligence data was 93.85 Mbps in Q2 2023. This suggests that many customers might still be on legacy, lower-speed plans, but the more likely case is that home Wi-Fi CPEs are limiting speeds in users’ homes. Indeed, 40.2% of Speedtest samples used Wi-Fi 4 in Saudi Arabia, limiting maximum achievable speeds.

Chart of Share of Wi-Fi Samples by Generation in Gulf Countries

Migrating to modern Wi-Fi standards can bring significant speed gains

Consumer-initiated speed tests confirm that users’ experience of network speed is significantly affected by how their devices connect to Wi-Fi access points. The chart below shows the median download speed distribution by Wi-Fi standard used.

Chart of Median Download Speed by Wi-Fi Generation in Gulf Countries

Median download speeds for devices that use Wi-Fi 4 topped out at 37.18 Mbps in Bahrain, and dropped to a low of 28.47 Mbps in Saudi Arabia. Contrary to what some might think, speed improvements were far more pronounced when looking at results on Wi-Fi 4 compared to those on Wi-Fi 5, rather than comparing speeds on Wi-Fi 5 and Wi-Fi 6. Users who connected to Wi-Fi 5 had a median download speed that was more than five times higher on average than those on Wi-Fi 4. While download speeds over Wi-Fi 6 were 1.2 times faster than with Wi-Fi 5.

Wi-Fi 5 users in the UAE had the largest speed lead over Wi-Fi 4 users (6.5x). With Wi-Fi 6, median download speeds more than doubled to 251.68 Mbps for users in Qatar compared to those on Wi-Fi 5. Bahrain and Saudi Arabia were outliers, with speeds largely similar regardless of whether test samples were with Wi-Fi 5 or Wi-Fi 6. This is because these three countries have the lowest reported median download speeds (below 100 Mbps), and many users who consider upgrading from Wi-Fi 5 to Wi-Fi 6 are unlikely to see a difference in their home network performance.

Looking at the performance of the fastest 10% samples in Q2 2023 reveals a more significant potential speed uplift for data-heavy users when using modern Wi-Fi standards. Users in the top 10% of our results experience the best performance, so it is possible to gauge from their results what speeds are achievable with each Wi-Fi standard. To that end, the median download speed of the 10th percentile results on Wi-Fi 4 users across Bahrain, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the U.A.E. was 71.60 Mbps, compared to 330.91 Mbps on Wi-Fi 5 and 693.48 Mbps on Wi-Fi 6. Wi-Fi 5 was 2.7x faster than Wi-Fi 4 in Bahrain and 5.9x faster in Qatar, while the speed ratios of Wi-Fi 6 to Wi-Fi 5 ranged from 1.2 in Saudi Arabia to 1.9 in the UAE.

Given the clear performance advantages of Wi-Fi 5, ISPs should encourage customers to migrate from Wi-Fi 4 to Wi-Fi 5 because it will significantly impact the end-user network experience. It’s also important to note that our data confirms that fiber broadband subscribers who continue using Wi-Fi 4 are the most penalized, especially if they subscribe to a service that is advertised as offering hundreds of megabits per second.

Chart of Performance of Top 10% of Speedtest Samples by Wi-Fi Generation in Gulf Countries

The persistent usage of legacy Wi-Fi is likely due to incorrectly configured routers

Huawei and TP-Link are the top router brands reported by Gulf users utilizing Wi-Fi 4. However, their popularity can vary vastly by market depending on the equipment bundled by ISPs with their broadband offerings, as well as the ability of consumers to use third-party routers (some ISPs allow only their own routers). Our data shows that Bahrain and Saudi Arabia have the highest proportion of samples connected to a Huawei CPE. TP-Link routers are most common in Qatar and the U.A.E.

The U.A.E. has the highest proportion of routers from D-Link, Cisco, and less popular brands used with Wi-Fi 4 (nearly 64% of samples reported using ‘other’ manufacturers). This high level of market fragmentation is likely due to users replacing routers provided by their ISP or installing refurbished routers to extend coverage indoors. Such fragmentation complicates the task of ISPs to ensure that their customers use more recent routers or that they configure them correctly to use more modern Wi-Fi standards.

Chart of Wi-Fi 4 Router Market Share by Manufacturer in Gulf Countries

Our research showed that most commercial CPEs in the region introduced since 2020 likely support Wi-Fi 5 (if not Wi-Fi 6). Further, tests also showed that most Android-based smartphones that used Wi-Fi 4 were equipped with Wi-Fi 5-capable chipsets. Therefore, many users in the region are capable of using Wi-Fi 5 but are still on Wi-Fi 4. We believe that misconfigured routers could be the primary cause of such a high prevalence of legacy Wi-Fi 4 technology among Gulf countries.

ISPs can address the factors that favor Wi-Fi 4 and 2.4 GHz spectrum usage, for example, by working more closely with device manufacturers, supporting customers to acquire newer Wi-Fi routers, and correctly configuring them, as shown in the table below. 

Factors that lead to Wi-Fi 4 usage and how ISPs can address them

Legacy equipment
  • Some fixed broadband customers are locked into long service contracts and are not eligible for router upgrades
  • ISPs may not offer newer routers to existing customers whose contracts are automatically renewed
Solutions
  • Encourage existing broadband customers to upgrade to faster fiber packages to benefit from modern Wi-Fi routers
  • Offer customers the option to replace their old Wi-Fi routers for free or for a small fee during their contract
Configuration issues
  • Routers may, by default, use older Wi-Fi standards or diactivate the 5 GHz band
  • Some routers are pre-configured to use the same network name for both the 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands, and some devices may not handle this well
  • Some old mobile devices latch to 2.4 GHz (which is more likely used by Wi-Fi 4) on first-run but do not switch back to 5 GHz due to firmware limitations or a hardware/software setting in the router/end-user devices
Solutions
  • Work with OEMs to push firmware and software updates to prioritize newer Wi-Fi standards and the use of 5 Ghz over 2.4 GHz
  • Educate customers about the importance of updating the router’s firmware and smartphone software
  • Preconfigure the routers to have separate names for the 2.4 GHz and the 5 GHz bands
  • Offer routers that can automatically select the optimal Wi-Fi channel and band to improve performance
Coverage and performance issues
  • Distance from CPE, physical obstruction, and interference in the crowded 2.4 GHz band
Solutions
  • Offer Wi-Fi extenders to improve indoor coverage
  • Share best practices with customers on the configuration and placement of the router

Gulf-based IPSs have managed to rapidly grow their fiber footprint and migrate their customers to faster broadband services. However, a substantial portion of subscribers may not benefit from these speed increases due to the prevailing usage of Wi-Fi 4. As many ISPs in the region already offer a minimum fiber speed of 250 Mbps, they should, as a priority, migrate existing customers with legacy Wi-Fi routers to more modern models and educate customers with newer routers on how to correctly configure them. ISPs’ efforts to introduce newer CPEs will help improve the end-user experience, boost global speed rankings in the region, and ensure that their routers are more future-proof as gigabit speeds become more widespread.

Ookla retains ownership of this article including all of the intellectual property rights, data, content graphs and analysis. This article may not be quoted, reproduced, distributed or published for any commercial purpose without prior consent. Members of the press and others using the findings in this article for non-commercial purposes are welcome to publicly share and link to report information with attribution to Ookla.