, , , | March 11, 2026

MWC 2026 Wrap-Up: The Analyst Take on Satellite, 6G, Sovereignty, and AI

This year, the conversations at Mobile World Congress (MWC) 2026 in Barcelona shifted dramatically. While previous years focused heavily on intrinsic challenges for the telecom sector—the need for 5G monetization, the untapped enterprise opportunity, the calls for “fair share”, and the need for network consolidation—this year’s show focused more on upside. The show floor and our discussions were dominated by opportunities around topics such as satellite, sovereignty, amidst the emerging age of AI, and with a view towards the arrival of 6G. Following the event, our Ookla Research analysts—Mike Dano, Mark Giles, Luke Kehoe, and Karim  Yaici—sat down to cut through the noise.

The mainstreaming of satellite and NTN

Satellite connectivity and Non-Terrestrial Networks (NTN) have officially moved from a niche talking point to a core architectural consideration.

Key announcements:

  • Starlink’s Next-Gen Push: Starlink held a massive keynote to announce its second-generation satellite constellation for direct-to-device (D2D), slated to begin offering services in 2028. Deutsche Telekom was announced as their first official customer for this new constellation. The introduction of the “Starlink Mobile” brand looks to be an important but still early stepping stone in a journey toward a more fully-fledged mobile service. 
  • The AST SpaceMobile Counter: AST SpaceMobile continues to make a huge amount of noise, bolstered by a major pre-MWC announcement regarding their deepening partnership and joint venture with Vodafone through Satellite Connect Europe

Our take: Low-Earth-orbit (LEO)-based D2D  satellite connectivity is graduating from a novelty feature for hikers into a standard “resilience layer” for mass-market mobile networks. The super-bundle of the future will integrate fiber, cellular, and satellite into a single service that automatically fails over when one link drops. What we are witnessing is a massive race to conquer space.

On one side, you have the operator-backed AST SpaceMobile, which operates without a consumer-facing brand and continues to face delays in constellation buildout. On the other, you have Starlink, which has been incredibly strategic about exposing its brand everywhere,from airline Wi-Fi to fixed broadband, and now mobile. The big question moving forward is whether Starlink’s D2D offering stays at that or is just a stepping stone toward a much more capable, hybrid space-terrestrial mobile offering in the future.

5G-Advanced, 5G Standalone, and the 6G horizon

The industry is balancing the need to monetize existing 5G investments with the architectural groundwork required for 6G.

Key announcements:

  • 5G slice validation: Ookla showcased its own collaboration at the event: an industry-first methodology for testing 5G network slices, co-developed with Ericsson. This specialized proof of concept in the Speedtest app enables real-time validation of differentiated 5G connectivity for ultra-low latency and mission-critical reliability (think slices optimized for gaming or video conferencing).
  • 6G timelines: SoftBank laid down a marker, stating they expect to deliver initial 6G services in 2029, emphasizing the need for massive 400 MHz bands to operate effectively.
  • AI-RAN commercialization: Nokia executives promised commercial AI-RAN deployments (in collaboration with Nvidia) by 2027, bridging the gap between 5G-Advanced and 6G.

Our take: 5G Standalone (SA) was frequently mentioned as a prerequisite and stepping stone to 6G networks. While our data, released just before MWC, shows huge variation in 5G SA adoption globally, it’s clear that leading operators are leaning into the technology, to launch new services and drive competitive advantage.

When it comes to 6G, the technical momentum is real, but it is tempered by economic caution. Many European operators remain hesitant about undertaking another massive capital expenditure so soon. However, the U.S. likely targeting the 2028 Olympics for early pre-commercial 6G deployment creates a global race dynamic, with rival markets and even operators within the U.S., forced to respond.

Digital sovereignty across the stack

The need for secure, localized telecom and cloud infrastructure is set to become a defining procurement criterion for enterprises and the public sector, especially in Europe. There is now a rigid demand for independent, Europe-anchored solutions that remain within local control. This drive for sovereignty isn’t just about satellite; it extends across the entire telecom stack, particularly the cloud.

Key announcements:

  • Deutsche Telekom’s Cloud Ambitions: DT delivered a standout presentation at its booth, detailing its heavy investment in its cloud business. It noted it is currently at roughly 80% feature parity with AWS and is pushing for 100% by year-end, with plans to expand its cloud availability regions beyond the DACH.
  • Orange’s Pan-European Sovereign Edge: Orange joined forces with Deutsche Telekom, Telefónica, TIM, and Vodafone to launch the “European Edge Continuum.” This first-of-its-kind federated edge cloud allows enterprises to deploy applications seamlessly across all five operator networks via a single entry point, providing a secure, sovereign alternative to U.S.-based public hyperscalers.
  • Post-quantum security: Several Tier-1 operators showcased active implementations of Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC) across their networks, ensuring that sovereign data remains secure against future quantum computing threats.

Our take: Digital sovereignty is driving renewed focus from leading telcos in their B2B operations, as demand rises for local platforms capable of hosting sovereign AI models and evolving cloud workloads. For telcos, this is a massive B2B opportunity. By offering secure, localized solutions that align with national data regulations, operators can position themselves as the active shield of the digital economy, moving far beyond basic connectivity.

AI in telecom: moving beyond an efficiency play

AI was omnipresent at MWC26, but the narrative has evolved from generative AI chatbots to “agentic AI” and network-level intelligence.

Key announcements:

  • AI-Enhanced Calling: Asian operators (like LG Uplus and China Mobile), along with Deutsche Telekom, are injecting new innovation into a historically stagnant area: the calling experience, using AI for real-time translation and network-driven functions like enhanced interactive video. Deutsche Telekom showcased similar examples, drawing on recent announcements around AI-translated calling features in the U.S.  
  • AT&T’s connected AI: AT&T outlined its industrial edge strategy, partnering with major hyperscalers to position its fiber and edge infrastructure as the backbone for enterprise AI workloads.

Our take: AI is framing nearly every technical discussion in telecom, but it’s clear that most of the focus has been on using AI to streamline operations and target cost-cutting. MWC 26 saw this evolve, with developments targeting improvements to the user experience – most notably for voice services, and a renewed focus on the edge with AI-RAN.

Ookla retains ownership of this article including all of the intellectual property rights, data, content graphs and analysis. This article may not be quoted, reproduced, distributed or published for any commercial purpose without prior consent. Members of the press and others using the findings in this article for non-commercial purposes are welcome to publicly share and link to report information with attribution to Ookla.

| February 25, 2026

Repeated Storms Test Portugal's Network Resilience and Spotlight the Role of Satellite Connectivity

Mobile network download speeds declined by more than 50%, while Starlink usage experienced a nearly 200% increase compared to pre-storm baselines

Less than a year after the April 2025 Iberian Peninsula blackout exposed deep vulnerabilities in Portugal’s telecom infrastructure, the country faced another severe test. Between late January and early February 2026, a rapid succession of powerful extratropical cyclones battered the country, knocking out power to over a million customers, disrupting mobile connectivity for hundreds of thousands, and triggering a dramatic spike in satellite broadband usage. Speedtest Intelligence® data captures the scale of network impact and the emerging role of low-earth orbit (LEO) satellite connectivity as a layer of redundancy when terrestrial networks falter.

Key Takeaways:

  • Median mobile download speeds in Portugal fell by as much as 52.4% from their pre-storm baseline, dropping from 107.3 Mbps to just 51.1 Mbps at their lowest point on February 8, as successive storms compounded network strain.
  • Mobile upload speeds declined by up to 46.6%, while latency increased by 15.6% and jitter by 27.1% during the worst of the disruption, reflecting significant network congestion and infrastructure stress.
  • Starlink user activity in Portugal surged by approximately 196% above pre-storm levels at its peak on February 12, with elevated adoption persisting well into late February even as mobile networks began to stabilize.
  • The data highlights a clear network substitution pattern, with Starlink activity climbing in near-lockstep with mobile speed declines and fixed network disruptions, reinforcing the case for satellite as a meaningful resilience layer during prolonged terrestrial outages.
  • Portugal, like many European countries outside the Nordics, continues to lack any binding requirements for specific minimum backup power levels at mobile sites. Recent policy developments in Switzerland and in the EU’s Digital Networks Act (DNA) suggest resilience planning is moving from concept to practical action.

A devastating storm sequence

Storm Kristin made landfall in Portugal’s Leiria district on the night of January 28, 2026, bringing record-breaking winds of over 200 km/h in the Coimbra region and generating over 1,500 emergency incidents in a single night. The storm was the most destructive to hit the country in recent memory, surpassing wind speed records previously held by Hurricane Leslie. Initial disruption was severe, with Reuters reporting more than 3,000 weather-related incidents and electricity distributor E-REDES indicating that outage levels had earlier reached 855,000 customers before restoration work began to reduce that figure.

On the grid side, the damage split across transmission and distribution layers. REN reported 61 very high-voltage pylons knocked down during Storm Kristin and 774 km of very high-voltage lines out of operation, which it said was equivalent to about 7% of Portugal’s transmission grid. E-REDES separately reported more than 600 damaged medium-voltage poles and said that more than one million customers had been left without power at one stage of the event. This distinction is significant because it highlights how resilience bottlenecks emerge across multiple network tiers, not only at the local distribution level.

Telecom disruption was also prolonged. Paulo Fernandes (head of the Central Region Reconstruction Mission Structure) said the affected area started with 307,900 mobile and landline users without communications on 30 January, and that nearly 84,000 customers in the central region still lacked communications almost three weeks later. He also said around 40% of cases were linked to the restoration of electricity supply to mobile sites.

This power dependency aligns with local expert commentary. INESC TEC-linked analysis highlighted that many telecom outages were driven first by loss of electricity at network sites, with a share of the remainder linked to infrastructure faults such as fiber breaks. It was also reported that ANACOM had recommended activation of national roaming, which could help by allowing users to attach to alternative networks where available.

Mobile network performance degradation was severe and sustained, with recovery still ongoing

Analysis of Speedtest Intelligence data paints a detailed picture of how Portugal’s mobile networks responded to the storm sequence. To assess the impact, we established a pre-storm performance baseline using daily median values from January 3 through January 27, 2026, then measured deviations across three distinct phases of disruption.

Prior to the storms, Portugal’s mobile networks were delivering a median download speed of 107.3 Mbps and median upload speed of 15.7 Mbps, with a multi-server latency of 33.5 ms. These figures are consistent with a well-performing mobile market (ranking in the top 30 globally in the latest iteration of the Speedtest Global Index).

The onset of Storm Kristin on January 28 triggered an immediate and sharp decline. Median download speeds fell to 64.5 Mbps that day, a 39.9% drop from baseline, while upload speeds declined 37.4% to 9.8 Mbps. Latency spiked 15.6% to 39 ms and jitter surged 27.1% to 10 ms, indicating significant network congestion as damaged infrastructure concentrated traffic on surviving cells (likely compounded by the loss of fixed connectivity in homes driving more traffic onto the depleted mobile grid).

Rather than recovering, network performance continued to deteriorate in the days that followed as Storms Leonardo and Marta exacerbated the damage. During the sustained disruption phase from February 1 through 14, average median download speeds fell to 59.9 Mbps, a 44.1% decline from baseline. The single worst day came on February 8, during Storm Marta, when median download speeds bottomed out at just 51.1 Mbps, a 52.4% decline. Upload speeds during this phase averaged just 9.5 Mbps, down 39.1% from baseline.

Latency and jitter, often overlooked but critical indicators of quality of experience (QoE) in interactive applications like video conferencing, told a similar story. Median latency during the sustained phase rose to 37 ms, a 10.5% increase over baseline, while jitter averaged 9 ms, up 21.6%. Elevated jitter in particular can reflect the instability characteristic of a network under duress, where routing paths shift unpredictably as infrastructure comes on and offline.

By mid-to-late February, partial recovery was underway. Median download speeds during the February 15 through February 23 period rose to 69.8 Mbps, still 34.9% below baseline but representing meaningful improvement. Upload speeds recovered to 11.0 Mbps (down 29.7%), while latency moderated to 36 ms (up 8.3%). Notably, jitter remained stubbornly elevated at 9 ms (up 21.6%), suggesting that while raw throughput was improving, network stability had not yet fully normalized.

Starlink as a Resilience Layer

As mobile network performance declined, Speedtest data reveals a striking and sustained surge in Starlink usage across Portugal, providing one of the clearest real-world illustrations of satellite connectivity functioning as a resilience layer during prolonged terrestrial disruption.

In the weeks before Storm Kristin, Starlink activity in Portugal was relatively stable. From January 28 onward, however, user activity began climbing sharply. During the acute phase from January 28 through January 31, Starlink user activity averaged 49.4% above baseline, peaking at 61.3% above on January 31 as the scale of mobile network disruption became apparent. This initial surge likely reflects both existing Starlink subscribers increasing their usage in response to degraded mobile and fixed service and new users activating service for the first time.

The sustained disruption phase from February 1 through February 14 saw Starlink activity more than double, averaging 118.4% above baseline. The single highest day came on February 12, when user activity reached approximately 196% above pre-storm levels. This coincided with the period of deepest mobile network degradation (and, likely, fixed network unavailability either due to localized power loss or line faults), providing strong evidence of a network substitution dynamic where some users turned to satellite connectivity as their primary or sole means of internet access.

Perhaps most notably, Starlink user activity did not recede even as mobile networks began their partial recovery. During the February 15 through February 23 period, Starlink activity averaged 151.0% above baseline, substantially higher than even the acute storm phase. This pattern suggests that for many users, the storm experience catalyzed a longer-term shift in connectivity behavior, with satellite maintained as either a primary or backup connection even after terrestrial alternatives began stabilizing.

Portuguese authorities also actively deployed Starlink as an emergency communications tool. Starlink equipment was distributed to remote areas where traditional telecommunications had been knocked offline, helping to bridge the connectivity gap in the hardest-hit communities. This mirrors the pattern observed during the April 2025 Iberian blackout, when Starlink remained operational across the peninsula by routing through ground stations in Italy as Spanish facilities went dark.

It is worth noting that Starlink speeds did moderate as user load increased. Average download speeds during the sustained phase fell to 163.5 Mbps, a 21.7% decline from the pre-storm Starlink baseline of 208.8 Mbps. However, even at their most congested, Starlink speeds remained materially higher than the degraded mobile network’s performance during the same period, delivering nearly three times the median download speed that mobile users were experiencing.

The Regulatory Gap and the Road to Resilience

The storm sequence reinforces a core resilience lesson: in prolonged extreme-weather events, telecom continuity is heavily shaped by power autonomy at sites, restoration logistics, and transport network redundancy, not only by RAN capacity. In practice, the biggest outages often reflect cross-sector interdependence between electricity, fibre transport and mobile access infrastructure.

Indeed, domestically, the storms have reignited debate around the resilience of Portugal’s telecom infrastructure, particularly the adequacy of backup power provisions at mobile sites. The finding that 40% of failures stemmed from power loss at mobile sites, rather than direct storm damage, points to a structural vulnerability that is within regulatory reach to address.

Portugal currently lacks binding requirements for specific minimum backup power autonomy levels at mobile sites. This stands in contrast to Nordic markets such as Norway and Finland, where regulators require between two and six hours of backup power at critical sites, alongside routine stress testing and contingency planning obligations.

In Norway, Nkom’s forsterket ekom programme is a state-backed resilience scheme that hardens selected sites in priority municipalities. Designated mobile sites must have at least 72 hours of backup power, the main transmission path must also have 72 hours, and a separate reserve transmission path is required. Switzerland has also recently codified a phased minimum backup approach. In January 2026, the Federal Council adopted an FDV revision requiring mobile operators to install emergency power at key sites and antennas so mobile service can be maintained for at least four hours from 2031 (with emergency calls covered first, and other services phased in later).

Within the EU, meanwhile, Brussels’ Electronic Communications Code (EECC) permits member states to mandate such provisions but does not require them. The Commission’s DNA proposal, adopted on 21 January 2026, is framed around investment and simplification, but it also directly elevates resilience by introducing an EU-level Preparedness Plan to address rising risks from natural disasters and foreign interference, and by embedding security and resilience criteria into the pan-EU satellite mechanism.

The resilience policy implications arising from this are important. The DNA gives the EU a stronger coordination spine for preparedness, but it does not remove the need for national regulators to set concrete, site-level resilience expectations (including backup-power minimums) that reflect local grid conditions and risk exposure.

On the operator side, Vodafone’s Enhanced Power initiative, launched in November 2025 with Portugal as a first deployment region, targets 10,000-plus mobile infrastructure sites across Europe with backup power provisions ranging from four hours at critical access sites to 72 hours at core mobile data centers. The initiative incorporates AI-based systems to predict and conserve backup power duration. Separately, Portugal’s government has announced a €400 (US$ 471) million investment package for grid resilience, including a 750 MW battery storage expansion.

The experience of January and February 2026 reinforces what the Storm Éowyn analysis across the UK and Ireland also demonstrated: that the resilience of mobile networks in extreme weather is fundamentally a function of power autonomy at mobile sites. Where terrestrial infrastructure falls short, satellite connectivity is increasingly proving its value, not as a replacement for mobile networks, but as a complementary layer of redundancy that can sustain connectivity when ground-based systems falter.

Ookla retains ownership of this article including all of the intellectual property rights, data, content graphs and analysis. This article may not be quoted, reproduced, distributed or published for any commercial purpose without prior consent. Members of the press and others using the findings in this article for non-commercial purposes are welcome to publicly share and link to report information with attribution to Ookla.

| February 18, 2026

5G in the Balkans: Serbia’s Mobile Renaissance as New Spectrum Fuels Competitiveness

Serbian/Srpski

EXPO 2027 is acting as a forcing function for policy acceleration and infrastructure investment as Belgrade prepares to put Serbia and the Balkans on the world stage

Serbia has moved rapidly from one of the last 5G “white spots” on the European map to a strong global performer in mobile. Following years of regulatory delays, the country’s operators activated commercial 5G services simultaneously on December 3, 2025, marking the start of a significant turnaround in network performance. Within weeks of launch, Serbia climbed 44 places to 14th globally in the Speedtest Global Index™ for December 2025, posting median download speeds of 173.04 Mbps and outperforming many Western European markets with more mature 5G deployments.

While Serbia enters the 5G cycle years after many of its Balkan peers, the country now finds itself well positioned to close the gap with regional competitors. Serbian operators have developed a mature 4G footprint on which they are now overlaying 5G equipment that is a generation or two newer than that deployed by earlier movers elsewhere in Europe, and which they had already stockpiled in anticipation of the auction. Belgrade’s hosting of EXPO 2027 is reinforcing this momentum, acting as a catalyst for infrastructure investment and compelling operators to achieve in two years what regional peers accomplished in five.

Key Takeaways

  • Serbia’s 5G launch is delivering immediate and substantial performance gains. While delayed spectrum assignment had left Serbia second-to-last in median mobile download speeds among Balkan peers in Q3 2025, the December 2025 commercial launch triggered a sharp reversal. All three operators recorded triple-digit percentage increases in median download speeds during Q4 2025, with national speeds rising from ~62 Mbps to over 150 Mbps, propelling Serbia to 14th globally in the December issue of the Speedtest Global Index™.
  • Serbia’s rapid ascent validates the potential for late movers to outperform in 5G. Serbia now sits alongside Bulgaria (5th) and North Macedonia (17th) as evidence that Balkan markets can achieve strong mobile outcomes when sound spectrum policy is paired with aggressive operator execution. The 130 MHz of 3.5 GHz spectrum allocated to each operator provides the capacity headroom to sustain these gains as network load increases.
  • A1 leads on speed while Yettel shows the strongest improvement trajectory. A1 delivered the highest median mobile download speeds (208.29 Mbps) in Q4 2025, while Yettel recorded the largest relative improvement post-5G launch (+160% quarter-on-quarter to 138.45 Mbps). Telekom Srbija (mts) reached 109.02 Mbps, more than doubling its Q3 performance. All three operators achieved near-parity on latency at ~32 ms.
  • Telekom faces competitive pressure to accelerate its 5G execution. Despite leading in subscriber share, Telekom trails A1 and Yettel in download speeds, 4G Availability (90% versus 94-95% for peers), and 5G Availability (19% versus 24% for A1). Its ongoing vendor transition adds execution complexity during a critical deployment window.
  • Regional mobile disparities persist but coverage obligations aim to close the gap. The 5G rollout obligations imposed by Serbian regulator RATEL require operators to cover 15 explicitly named underserved municipalities, major transport corridors, and progressively smaller population centers over a five-year period, creating a policy-driven mechanism to extend performance gains beyond Belgrade and Novi Sad.

A long road to spectrum. How Serbia finally got to a 5G auction

From policy delays to late-mover advantage

Serbia adopted policy documents referencing 5G as early as 2018, but the original expectation of assigning “pioneer band” spectrum around 2020 to 2021 slipped repeatedly. COVID-19, macroeconomic uncertainty, and domestic political debate over market structure and the role of state-owned Telekom Srbija all contributed to delays, making Serbia the last country in the Balkans apart from Bosnia and Herzegovina to launch a 5G auction process.

Independent assessments by the OECD and EU enlargement services explicitly flagged delays in 5G spectrum assignment and incomplete supporting regulation, such as a dedicated broadband infrastructure law, as key impediments to Serbia’s digital competitiveness.

Serbia Behind Peers Until Late 2025
Speedtest Intelligence® | Q4 2024 – Q4 2025

Analysis of Speedtest Intelligence® data reveals these delays translated into an erosion of the country’s regional ranking in mobile performance through Q3 2025. Between 2020 and Q3 2025, Serbia’s ranking dropped from fifth to tenth among Balkan markets in median mobile download speed. This observation is consistent with our earlier research, which found that European countries that moved earlier on 5G spectrum assignment had achieved better network outcomes for end-users.

However, Serbia’s late entry also carries advantages that are now becoming apparent. Operators have been able to deploy more mature 5G equipment (atop a densified 4G site grid with deep carrier aggregation), benefiting from cost reductions and performance improvements accumulated over several generations of 5G hardware, while simultaneously activating large, clean spectrum blocks rather than the fragmented allocations that constrained some earlier movers.

The early Q4 2025 performance data suggests Serbia may be capturing a meaningful late-mover dividend. The jump to 14th globally, ahead of many Western European markets with multi-year head starts, indicates that the quality of spectrum assignments and equipment maturity can outweigh time-to-market in determining 5G outcomes.

Long license duration sets Serbia’s 5G auction apart

The legislative blockage holding up Serbia’s 5G auction eased with a new Law on Electronic Communications adopted in 2023, which aligned more closely with the EU’s European Electronic Communications Code (EECC) and mandated the Serbian regulator RATEL to prepare for a multi-band auction. A subsequent national electronic communications strategy and rulebook set out the conditions for issuing licenses across 700 MHz, sub-3 GHz bands and the 3.4-3.8 GHz range, with a stated goal of maximizing both revenue and coverage outcomes.

RATEL’s auction design established strict participation criteria that effectively limited bidders to incumbent operators, a notably different approach from some regulators elsewhere in Europe that used 5G auctions to stimulate competition by making provisions for new entrants.

The auction ran from November 3 through November 7, 2025, attracted all three incumbents and raised just over €300 million (US$349.14 million), with each operator bidding slightly above the €100 million reserve for its package. Licenses are to be paid in two installments, with the second due by mid-2026, and are valid until March 2047, giving operators a 20-plus-year runway that is notably more generous than the 15-year norms observed in much of the EU (which is now subject to change based on the proposals for indefinite licences detailed in the European Commission’s Digital Networks Act).

On closer inspection, these auction results suggest Serbia traded a longer license tenure for robust returns to the state, while leaving operators with a comparatively light annual spectrum burden and a cost position that looks broadly competitive once adjusted for band mix and license duration.

The approximate per-capita yield from Serbia’s auction (around €44 per head) was materially above earlier Western Balkan awards on a headline basis. Croatia’s 2021 700/3.6/26 GHz sale yielded €12 per head, Bulgaria’s 3.6 GHz-only auction yielded €1 per head for 20-year licenses, and Albania’s 3.5 GHz award came in at roughly €2 per head. However, those comparisons typically covered much less spectrum, shorter terms, or both. Normalizing for Serbia’s extended tenure and broad multi-band packages, the annualized $/MHz/pop figure sits in the lower half of the European 5G range, well below historic high-price outliers such as Italy, Germany, or the early US C-band auction.

Balanced 5G spectrum assignments position Serbia for sustained performance gains

Beyond a favorable license duration, another key strength of the Serbian auction was that it lent each operator a broadly balanced low- and mid-band portfolio for 4G and 5G at roughly €100 million each. All three secured symmetrical holdings in the critical 700 MHz and 3.5 GHz pioneer bands, alongside individual top-ups in 2600 MHz and other legacy bands like 900, 1800 and 2100 MHz. This symmetry ensures no player is structurally spectrum-constrained, meaning competitive advantage will hinge less on spectrum depth and more on how quickly each operator executes on RAN densification and core network rollout.

All three can build a classic European 5G stack, eventually using 700 MHz as the wide-area SA coverage layer, refarmed 900/1800/2100 MHz as the 4G/5G anchor and VoLTE bedrock, 2600 MHz for dense capacity, and a wide C-band carrier as the primary 5G capacity layer, fully aligned with EU pioneer band thinking.

The most notable award was the 130 MHz of prime 3.5 GHz spectrum issued to each operator, a highly competitive mid-band allocation by European standards, where many markets targeted only 80 to 100 MHz per operator in this band. This positions Serbian operators well to enhance network capacity in dense urban environments, and the early performance data from Q4 2025 confirms that this wide spectrum allocation is already translating into tangible speed advantages for end-users.

Targeted coverage obligations for underserved areas seek to stimulate better 5G outcomes

A key feature of the auction design was the inclusion of a targeted coverage obligation for 15 explicitly named underserved municipalities, intended to prevent a purely city-centric 5G rollout concentrated in Belgrade and Novi Sad. Each operator must materially improve coverage, including future 5G, in five rural or structurally weak areas. Telekom is responsible for Krupanj, Osečina, Medveđa, Trgovište and Bosilegrad. Yettel is responsible for Ljubovija, Golubac, Babušnica, Gadžin Han and Svrljig. A1 is responsible for Kosjerić, Crna Trava, Kučevo, Majdanpek and Boljevac.

Many of these areas are officially classified as underdeveloped, with aging populations, high emigration and weak infrastructure. Crna Trava, Serbia’s smallest and one of its poorest municipalities, is the most emblematic example. In practice, this policy intervention is intended to compel operators to use new low-band spectrum to extend basic 4G/5G availability to places that would otherwise be unlikely to receive commercial coverage in the near future.

At a higher level, these municipal carve-outs sit atop a demanding five-year national rollout regime set by RATEL. License conditions require each operator to deploy at least 200 active 5G sites in year one, with 120 in Belgrade, 20 in Novi Sad, 15 in Niš, 10 in Kragujevac, 5 in Subotica, plus all science and tech parks. This rises to 1,000 in year two across 22 designated cities, major tourist centers, all international airports, and 24-hour road border crossings.

Subsequent targets rise to 2,000, 3,300, and 4,500 sites in years three through five, with mandatory coverage of all settlements above 10,000, 5,000, and 3,000 inhabitants respectively. By end-2026, operators must also achieve near-continuous coverage along IA/IB-class state roads and pan-European rail corridors X and XI, plus the EXPO 2027 site and its access routes. Each operator must meet these milestones on its own independent RAN, as national roaming does not count, thereby substantially raising minimum capex requirements compared with more permissive EU regimes.

5G rollout arrives amid challenging operating conditions

Similar to the trend observed elsewhere in the Balkans, the financial backdrop underpinning Serbia’s mobile market is one of steady, mid-single digit revenue growth up to the end of this decade. Mobile average revenue per user (ARPU) in Serbia sits at the lower end of the European range but ranks fourth-highest in the Balkans, averaging around €9 in late 2025. This figure is down materially in real terms from two to three years prior.

This sluggish ARPU profile therefore constrains how much 5G investment can be recouped from topline expansion alone, with all operators facing several capex and opex pressures across license fees and spectrum amortization, energy costs and fiber and EXPO-related investments.

The €300 million (US $349.11 million) collected in the recent auction is material relative to the size of the Serbian market. Even though fees are spread over time, they still absorb balance sheet capacity. Serbian operators, like their European peers, have faced electricity price volatility since 2022, with energy accounting for a non-trivial share of opex. This creates strong incentives for deploying energy-efficient radios and using features such as 5G sleep modes as the buildout advances. The government has emphasized both rural broadband and preparations for EXPO 2027 in Belgrade as strategic priorities, requiring upgrades in backhaul, core and metro transport infrastructure.

Within this challenging environment, earlier market moves have helped to free up some capital for 5G. Telekom completed a tower sale to an Actis-led consortium, while A1 did similar with its EuroTeleSites spin-off. Meanwhile, PPF Telecom Group, in which Etisalat (e&) acquired a majority stake across the wider Central and Eastern European portfolio, decided to structurally separate Yettel’s network into CETIN Serbia. This entity now owns and operates the passive and active infrastructure and provides wholesale mobile network services to Yettel.

Strategic focus of Serbian operators is tilting from volume to value

Serbia’s three operators have diverged into distinct strategic postures. State-backed Telekom remains the volume leader with approximately 42-44% market share and generates the most absolute revenue (€1.3-1.4 billion across the group in 2024), but carries the heaviest leverage burden, trading free cash flow for aggressive content spending on Premier League and NBA rights to defend ARPU against churn. Fixed-mobile bundling further supports its subscriber stickiness, particularly among households attracted to premium sports content.

Incremental value creation in the market is, however, shifting toward the leaner challengers. Yettel has successfully pivoted from a mobile-only cash cow, boasting the highest ARPU (around €11.60 in 2024), to a converged challenger. Backed by the PPF Group’s efficiency focus, it maintains the market’s healthiest EBITDA margins (19% expansion in 2024 to €171 million or US $198.99 million) by aggressively cross-selling its ‘Hipernet’ fixed services to a loyal mobile base of roughly 30% market share, effectively insulating itself from price wars.

A1, still the smallest operator by market share at around 27%, remains the primary competitive challenger and is closing the profitability gap as A1 Group transforms its Serbian business into a convergent player. It has shed its discounter identity and positioned itself as a distinct value innovator with a lean model capable of deploying capital quickly.

The operator posted EBITDA expansion of 15% in 2024 to €146 million or US $169.90 million (margin of approximately 37%), driven by inflation-linked price rises and upselling to higher-value plans, even as prepaid and postpaid bases contracted. The Conexio Metro fiber acquisition (42,000 ready homes) and the launch of fixed services in 2025 is intended to further lift A1’s ARPU and reduce churn.

A1 and Yettel entered the 5G cycle with a stronger 4G network foundation

Serbia’s late 5G RAN cycle forced operators to carry surging data demand almost entirely on their 4G networks through most of 2025 pre-auction. Each operator turned to leveraging 800, 1800 and 2100 MHz refarming, three- to four-carrier aggregation and targeted grid densification along urban areas and transport corridors to maximize spatial spectrum reuse.

While this 4G-centric playbook pushed the existing grid far, the economics were deteriorating for operators. Each incremental site or radio upgrade was capex- and energy-heavy in a price-sensitive market, and spectral-efficiency gains from further LTE-Advanced tweaks were marginal compared with lighting up large, clean 5G carriers in the 3.5 GHz band.

The performance trajectory through 2025 highlights the different starting positions from which operators entered the 5G cycle. A1 had maintained a substantial speed lead in Serbia even on 4G, with median mobile download speeds on its network of 81.03 Mbps in Q3 2025, roughly 40% faster than Yettel (53.15 Mbps) and Telekom (57.95 Mbps).

Early 5G performance exceeds expectations as operators light up new spectrum

The simultaneous commercial launch of 5G by all three Serbian operators on December 3, 2025 triggered an immediate and significant transformation in network performance. Analysis of Speedtest Intelligence® data for Q4 2025 reveals speed increases far exceeding what would typically be observed from incremental 4G improvements, confirming that the newly activated 3.5 GHz and 700 MHz spectrum is already delivering substantial benefits to end-users.

A1 delivered median mobile download speeds of 208.29 Mbps in Q4 2025, an increase of 157% from 81.03 Mbps in Q3 2025. Yettel recorded the largest relative improvement, with median speeds rising 160% from 53.15 Mbps to 138.45 Mbps. Telekom, while posting the lowest absolute speeds among the three operators, still achieved an 88% increase to 109.02 Mbps from 57.95 Mbps.

A1 Extends Speed Lead as All MNOs Record 5G Gains
Speedtest Intelligence® | Q4 2024 – Q4 2025

Upload speeds similarly improved across all operators, with Yettel leading at 27.02 Mbps, followed by Telekom (24.02 Mbps) and A1 (23.41 Mbps). Multi-server latency converged to ~32 ms across all three networks, down from divergent Q3 figures.

Upload Speeds Improve Post-5G Launch With Yettel Taking the Lead
Speedtest Intelligence® | Q4 2024 – Q4 2025

The clearest evidence of Serbia’s ongoing mobile transformation is its rise in the Speedtest Global Index. In December 2025, Serbia climbed 44 positions to rank 14th globally with median download speeds of 173.04 Mbps, placing it ahead of established European 5G markets including Georgia (15th), Netherlands (16th), Norway (20th), France (26th), and Finland (27th). While some reversion is highly likely as network load increases through 2026, the wide 130 MHz spectrum allocation per operator provides uniquely substantial headroom to absorb traffic growth while maintaining strong performance.

Analysis of 5G Availability data confirms that operators activated commercial service rapidly following the December 3 launch. A1 led with 5G Availability of 24% in Q4 2025, indicating that users on 5G-capable devices on its network spent approximately one-quarter of their time connected to 5G. Yettel and Telekom recorded similar figures of 19%. These availability figures are expected to rise steadily as operators expand their 5G footprints beyond initial launch areas in Belgrade and major cities.

Analysis of 5G Availability data confirms that operators activated commercial service rapidly following the December 3 launch. A1 led with 5G Availability of 24% in Q4 2025, indicating that users on 5G-capable devices on its network spent approximately one-quarter of their time connected to 5G. Yettel and Telekom recorded similar figures of 19%. These availability figures are expected to rise steadily as operators expand their 5G footprints beyond initial launch areas in Belgrade and major cities.

Divergence in 3G sunset progress highlights differences in spectrum strategy and 4G maturity

Investments in site grid densification and 4G footprint expansion have contributed to improved network consistency and coverage outcomes across all operators. 4G Availability in Q4 2025 reached 95% for A1, 94% for Yettel, and 90% for Telekom, reflecting wide coverage in rural areas and extensive time spent on 4G (and now 5G) networks indoors in urban areas as low-band expansion and site densification aid deeper building penetration in cities like Belgrade and Novi Sad.

A1's Broader 4G Footprint Provides Stronger Foundation for 5G Overlay
Speedtest Intelligence® | Q4 2024 – Q4 2025

The wider breadth of A1’s 4G network and extensive use of VoLTE across its footprint enabled it to move more aggressively than peers on sunsetting 3G services. After announcing a phased 3G switch-off by end-June 2025, A1 completed nationwide 3G decommissioning in April 2025, freeing its 2100 MHz 3G layer for 4G/5G while explicitly keeping 2G in the 900 MHz band alive as a thin legacy voice/SMS and low-end IoT anchor and pushing all mainstream voice onto VoLTE.

A1’s 3G sunset has effectively converted its 2100 MHz footprint into a pure 4G capacity layer, while its relatively small 4.2 MHz slice of 900 MHz (versus 9.6 MHz for Telekom and Yettel) makes it structurally incentivized to accelerate VoLTE migration and shrink 2G usage over time.

Yettel, by contrast, has no formal 2G/3G sunset dates but has already silently refarmed much of its original 2100 MHz 3G layer to 4G while keeping a low-band dual 2G/3G umbrella across mostly 900 MHz until VoLTE use and the 5G rollout mature.

Telekom remains the most conservative on network sunset timing, reflecting a larger base of rural and legacy users and a desire to avoid a voice cliff while VoLTE usage still scales atop a comparatively smaller 4G coverage base. The operator continues to run both 2G (900/1800 MHz) and 3G (primarily 2100 MHz) alongside 4G/5G.

Vendor strategies diverge as operators navigate equipment transitions

Beyond the benefit of having a wide 4G footprint, the speed at which A1 has been able to move with its 3G sunset is likely shaped in some way by its uniquely clean vendor strategy. A1 Group has already locked Serbia into a single-RAN strategy with Nokia supplying both radio and packet core, under a five-year 5G plan to cover major population centers and transport corridors, using EuroTeleSites’ spun-off tower grid to keep the RAN relatively asset-light.

Telekom, by contrast, is in mid-pivot from a Huawei-heavy legacy 2G-4G footprint to a dual-Nordic 5G layer, financed through a distinctive multilateral structure including the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, Sweden’s Export Credit Corporation and the US Exim Bank. Notably, the US Exim deal of approximately €42.97 million or US $50 million represents the first agreement of its kind between a European telecom operator and the US Export-Import Bank. Ericsson and Nokia are contracted to supply 5G base stations for the network rollout.

Yettel, through CETIN Serbia, is also undergoing active vendor diversification as it shifts from Huawei, used historically for its RAN, to Ericsson for its 5G buildout. This transition is being coordinated alongside CETIN’s broader “5G Balkans” project, which aims to strengthen optical connectivity across the region in partnership with CETIN Bulgaria.

5G boost comes just in time for EXPO 2027

The simultaneous 5G launch in December 2025 by all three operators, backed by generous 130 MHz mid-band allocations and modern equipment that had been stockpiled during the regulatory delays, has propelled Serbia from near the bottom of the Balkan mobile rankings to a highly competitive position globally, validating the potential for late movers to close the gap with competitors when spectrum policy and operator execution align.

With EXPO 2027 on the horizon and the government committed to using the event as a showcase for the country’s digital capabilities, Serbia’s mobile operators face both competitive pressure and a significant opportunity to demonstrate what investments in 5G infrastructure can deliver for consumers and businesses alike. The early data suggests they are rising to the challenge.

Serbian/Srpski


5G na Balkanu. Mobilna renesansa Srbije dok novi spektar podstiče konkurentnost

EXPO 2027 deluje kao ključni pokretač za ubrzanje politike i infrastrukturnih ulaganja, dok se Beograd priprema da plasira Srbiju i Balkan na svetsku pozornicu.

Srbija je hitro prešla put od jedne od poslednjih 5G “belih tačaka” na mapi Evrope do snažnog globalnog igrača u mobilnoj telefoniji. Nakon godina regulatornih odlaganja, operatori u zemlji su 3. decembra 2025. godine istovremeno aktivirali komercijalne 5G servise, označivši početak značajnog preokreta u performansama mreže. U roku od nekoliko nedelja nakon aktiviranja, Srbija je napredovala za 44 mesta i zauzela 14. poziciju na globalnom nivou u Speedtest Global Index™ za decembar 2025. godine, zabeleživši medijanu brzine preuzimanja od 173,04 Mbps i nadmašivši mnoga zapadnoevropska tržišta sa zrelijim 5G mrežama.

Iako Srbija ulazi u 5G ciklus godinama nakon mnogih svojih balkanskih suseda, zemlja se sada nalazi u odličnoj poziciji da smanji razliku u odnosu na regionalne konkurente. Srpski operatori su razvili zrelu 4G osnovu na koju sada nadograđuju 5G opremu koja je generaciju ili dve novija od one koju su primenili rani usvajaoci (early movers) drugde u Evropi, a koju su već bili pripremili u iščekivanju aukcije. EXPO 2027 koji će se održati u Beogradu dodatno pojačava ovaj zamah, delujući kao katalizator za infrastrukturna ulaganja i primoravajući operatore da za dve godine postignu ono za šta je regionalnim konkurentima bilo potrebno pet.

Ključne poruke

  • Lansiranje 5G mreže u Srbiji donosi trenutna i značajna poboljšanja performansi. Iako je odložena dodela spektra ostavila Srbiju na pretposlednjem mestu po medijani brzine mobilnog preuzimanja među balkanskim zemljama u trećem kvartalu 2025., komercijalno lansiranje u decembru 2025. izazvalo je oštar preokret. Sva tri operatora zabeležila su trocifreni procentualni rast medijane brzine preuzimanja tokom četvrtog kvartala 2025., pri čemu su nacionalne brzine porasle sa ~62 Mbps na preko 150 Mbps, što je Srbiju lansiralo na 14. mesto globalno u decembarskom izdanju Speedtest Global Index™.
  • Brzi uspon Srbije potvrđuje potencijal kasnih ulazaka na 5G tržište (late movers) da nadmaše očekivanja. Srbija sada stoji rame uz rame sa Bugarskom (5. mesto) i Severnom Makedonijom (17. mesto) kao dokaz da balkanska tržišta mogu postići izvrsne rezultate u mobilnoj telefoniji kada se zdrava politika spektra upari sa agresivnom realizacijom od strane operatora. Dodeljenih 130 MHz spektra u opsegu od 3,5 GHz po operatoru pruža dovoljno kapaciteta za održavanje ovih rezultata kako opterećenje mreže bude raslo.
  • A1 prednjači u brzini, dok Yettel pokazuje najsnažniji trend poboljšanja. A1 je isporučio najveću medijanu brzine mobilnog preuzimanja (208,29 Mbps) u četvrtom kvartalu 2025., dok je Yettel zabeležio najveće relativno poboljšanje nakon lansiranja 5G mreže (+160% u odnosu na prethodni kvartal, na 138,45 Mbps). Telekom Srbija (mts) je dostigao 109,02 Mbps, više nego udvostručivši svoj rezultat iz trećeg kvartala. Sva tri operatora su postigla gotovo izjednačene rezultate u kašnjenju (latenciji) od oko 32 ms.
  • Telekom se suočava sa konkurentskim pritiskom da ubrza svoju 5G implementaciju. Uprkos tome što vodi u udelu pretplatnika, Telekom zaostaje za A1 i Yettel-om u brzinama preuzimanja, dostupnosti 4G mreže (90% naspram 94-95% kod konkurenata) i dostupnosti 5G mreže (19% naspram 24% za A1). Njegova trenutna tranzicija dobavljača opreme dodaje složenost u realizaciji tokom ključnog perioda izgradnje mreže.
  • Regionalne razlike u mobilnim uslugama i dalje postoje, ali obaveze pokrivanja imaju za cilj da smanje jaz. Obaveze uvođenja 5G mreže koje je nametnuo srpski regulator RATEL zahtevaju od operatora da pokriju 15 eksplicitno navedenih nedovoljno razvijenih opština, glavne transportne koridore i postepeno manja naselja tokom petogodišnjeg perioda, stvarajući mehanizam vođen politikom za proširenje poboljšanja performansi i van Beograda i Novog Sada.

Dug put do spektra: Kako je Srbija konačno stigla do 5G aukcije

Od kašnjenja politike do prednosti kasnog ulaska

Srbija je usvojila strateška dokumenta koja pominju 5G još 2018. godine, ali je prvobitno očekivanje o dodeli spektra u “pionirskim opsezima” oko 2020. ili 2021. godine više puta odlagano. COVID-19, makroekonomska neizvesnost i unutrašnja politička debata o strukturi tržišta i ulozi državnog Telekoma Srbija doprineli su kašnjenju, čineći Srbiju poslednjom zemljom na Balkanu, osim Bosne i Hercegovine, koja je pokrenula proces 5G aukcije.

Nezavisne procene OECD-a i službi za proširenje EU eksplicitno su označile kašnjenja u dodeli 5G spektra i nepotpunu prateću regulativu, kao što je namenski zakon o širokopojasnoj infrastrukturi, kao ključne prepreke za digitalnu konkurentnost Srbije.

Analiza podataka Speedtest Intelligence otkriva da su se ova kašnjenja prevela u eroziju regionalnog rangiranja zemlje u mobilnim performansama sve do trećeg kvartala 2025. Između 2020. i trećeg kvartala 2025., rang Srbije je pao sa petog na deseto mesto među balkanskim tržištima po medijani brzine mobilnog preuzimanja. Ovo zapažanje je u skladu sa našim ranijim istraživanjima, koja su utvrdila da su evropske zemlje koje su ranije dodelile 5G spektar postigle bolje mrežne ishode za krajnje korisnike.

Srbija skočila sa dna na treće mesto među balkanskim zemljama nakon pokretanja 5G mreže
Speedtest Intelligence® | Q4 2024 – Q4 2025

Međutim, kasni ulazak Srbije nosi i prednosti koje sada postaju očigledne. Operatori su bili u mogućnosti da primene zreliju 5G opremu (povrh već zgusnute 4G mreže sa dubokom agregacijom nosilaca), koristeći smanjenje troškova i poboljšanja performansi akumulirana kroz nekoliko generacija 5G hardvera, istovremeno aktivirajući velike, čiste blokove spektra umesto fragmentisanih alokacija koje su ograničavale neke ranije usvajaoce.

Podaci o performansama s početka četvrtog kvartala 2025. sugerišu da Srbija možda ostvaruje značajnu “dividendu kasnog ulaska”. Skok na 14. mesto globalno, ispred mnogih zapadnoevropskih tržišta sa višegodišnjom prednošću, ukazuje na to da kvalitet dodele spektra i zrelost opreme mogu nadvladati vreme izlaska na tržište (time-to-market) u određivanju 5G ishoda.

Dugo trajanje licenci izdvaja srpsku 5G aukciju

Zakonodavna blokada koja je kočila srpsku 5G aukciju popustila je usvajanjem novog Zakona o elektronskim komunikacijama 2023. godine, koji se bliže uskladio sa Evropskim zakonikom o elektronskim komunikacijama (EECC) EU i naložio srpskom regulatoru RATEL-u da se pripremi za aukciju više opsega (multi-band auction). Naknadna nacionalna strategija elektronskih komunikacija i pravilnik postavili su uslove za izdavanje licenci u opsezima od 700 MHz, ispod 3 GHz i opsegu 3,4–3,8 GHz, sa proklamovanim ciljem maksimiziranja i prihoda i pokrivenosti.

RATEL-ov dizajn aukcije uspostavio je stroge kriterijume za učešće koji su efektivno ograničili ponuđače na postojeće operatore, što je znatno drugačiji pristup od nekih regulatora drugde u Evropi koji su koristili 5G aukcije da podstaknu konkurenciju stvaranjem uslova za nove učesnike (new entrants).

Aukcija je trajala od 3. do 7. novembra 2025., privukla je sva tri postojeća operatora i prikupila nešto više od 300 miliona evra (349,14 miliona dolara), pri čemu je svaki operator licitirao nešto iznad početne cene od 100 miliona evra za svoj paket. Licence se plaćaju u dve rate, sa drugom koja dospeva sredinom 2026. godine, i važe do marta 2047., dajući operatorima period od preko 20 godina, što je znatno velikodušnije od normi od 15 godina viđenih u većem delu EU (što je sada podložno promenama na osnovu predloga za trajne licence detaljno opisanih u Zakonu o digitalnim mrežama Evropske komisije).

Detaljnijom analizom, ovi rezultati aukcije sugerišu da je Srbija trampila duže trajanje licenci za robusne prihode državi, ostavljajući operatore sa relativno lakim godišnjim opterećenjem za spektar i troškovnom pozicijom koja izgleda široko konkurentna kada se prilagodi miksu opsega i trajanju licence.

Približan prinos po glavi stanovnika od srpske aukcije (oko 44 evra po stanovniku) bio je materijalno iznad ranijih dodela na Zapadnom Balkanu na nominalnoj osnovi. Hrvatska prodaja 700/3,6/26 GHz iz 2021. donela je 12 evra po glavi stanovnika, bugarska aukcija samo za 3,6 GHz donela je 1 evro po glavi stanovnika za 20-godišnje licence, a albanska dodela 3,5 GHz iznosila je otprilike 2 evra po glavi stanovnika. Međutim, ta poređenja su obično pokrivala mnogo manje spektra, kraće rokove ili oboje. Normalizovano za produženi rok trajanja u Srbiji i široke pakete više opsega, godišnja cifra $/MHz/pop nalazi se u donjoj polovini evropskog 5G raspona, znatno ispod istorijskih skupih izuzetaka kao što su Italija, Nemačka ili rana američka aukcija C opsega.

Uravnotežene dodele 5G spektra pozicioniraju Srbiju za održiva poboljšanja performansi

Pored povoljnog trajanja licence, još jedna ključna snaga srpske aukcije bila je to što je svakom operatoru dodelila široko uravnotežen portfolio niskih i srednjih opsega za 4G i 5G po ceni od otprilike 100 miliona evra svakom. Sva tri operatora su obezbedila simetrične udele u kritičnim pionirskim opsezima od 700 MHz i 3,5 GHz, uz pojedinačne dopune u opsegu od 2600 MHz i drugim nasleđenim opsezima poput 900, 1800 i 2100 MHz. Ova simetrija osigurava da nijedan igrač nije strukturno ograničen spektrom, što znači da će konkurentska prednost manje zavisiti od dubine spektra, a više od toga koliko brzo svaki operator realizuje zgušnjavanje RAN mreže (radio pristupne mreže) i uvođenje jezgra mreže (core network).

Sva tri operatora mogu da izgrade klasičan evropski 5G “stack” (slojevitu strukturu), koristeći 700 MHz kao sloj za široku SA pokrivenost, refarmirane opsege 900/1800/2100 MHz kao 4G/5G sidro i osnovu za VoLTE, 2600 MHz za gust kapacitet i široki C opseg kao primarni sloj 5G kapaciteta, potpuno usklađeno sa razmišljanjem EU o pionirskim opsezima.

Najznačajnija dodela bila je 130 MHz primarnog spektra od 3,5 GHz izdatog svakom operatoru, što je visoko konkurentna alokacija srednjeg opsega po evropskim standardima, gde su mnoga tržišta ciljala samo 80 do 100 MHz po operatoru u ovom opsegu. Ovo pozicionira srpske operatore u dobru situaciju da poboljšaju mrežni kapacitet u gustim urbanim sredinama, a rani podaci o performansama iz četvrtog kvartala 2025. potvrđuju da se ova široka alokacija spektra već prevodi u konkretne prednosti u brzini za krajnje korisnike.

Ciljane obaveze pokrivanja za nedovoljno razvijena područja teže da podstaknu bolje 5G ishode

Ključna karakteristika dizajna aukcije bilo je uključivanje ciljane obaveze pokrivanja za 15 eksplicitno imenovanih nedovoljno razvijenih opština, sa namerom da se spreči čisto “gradocentrično” uvođenje 5G mreže koncentrisano u Beogradu i Novom Sadu. Svaki operator mora materijalno poboljšati pokrivenost, uključujući budući 5G, u pet ruralnih ili strukturno slabih područja. Telekom je odgovoran za Krupanj, Osečinu, Medveđu, Trgovište i Bosilegrad. Yettel je odgovoran za Ljuboviju, Golubac, Babušnicu, Gadžin Han i Svrljig. A1 je odgovoran za Kosjerić, Crnu Travu, Kučevo, Majdanpek i Boljevac.

Mnoge od ovih oblasti su zvanično klasifikovane kao nerazvijene, sa starim stanovništvom, visokom emigracijom i slabom infrastrukturom. Crna Trava, najmanja i jedna od najsiromašnijih opština u Srbiji, najslikovitiji je primer. U praksi, ova intervencija politike ima za cilj da primora operatore da koriste novi spektar niskog opsega kako bi proširili osnovnu 4G/5G dostupnost na mesta koja inače verovatno ne bi dobila komercijalnu pokrivenost u bliskoj budućnosti.

Na višem nivou, ova opštinska izdvajanja dolaze povrh zahtevnog petogodišnjeg nacionalnog režima izgradnje koji je postavio RATEL. Uslovi licence zahtevaju da svaki operator postavi najmanje 200 aktivnih 5G baznih stanica u prvoj godini, od toga 120 u Beogradu, 20 u Novom Sadu, 15 u Nišu, 10 u Kragujevcu, 5 u Subotici, plus sve naučno-tehnološke parkove. Ovaj broj raste na 1.000 u drugoj godini širom 22 određena grada, glavnih turističkih centara, svih međunarodnih aerodroma i 24-časovnih drumskih graničnih prelaza.

Naknadni ciljevi rastu na 2.000, 3.300 i 4.500 lokacija u trećoj do pete godini, sa obaveznom pokrivenošću svih naselja iznad 10.000, 5.000 i 3.000 stanovnika, respektivno. Do kraja 2026., operatori takođe moraju postići gotovo neprekidnu pokrivenost duž državnih puteva IA/IB klase i panevropskih železničkih koridora X i XI, kao i lokacije EXPO 2027 i njenih pristupnih puteva. Svaki operator mora ispuniti ove prekretnice na sopstvenoj nezavisnoj RAN mreži, jer se nacionalni roming ne računa, čime se znatno podižu minimalni zahtevi za kapitalnim ulaganjima (capex) u poređenju sa popustljivijim režimima u EU.

Uvođenje 5G stiže usred izazovnih uslova poslovanja

Slično trendu primećenom drugde na Balkanu, finansijska pozadina koja podupire srpsko mobilno tržište je stabilan, jednocifren rast prihoda (mid-single digit) do kraja ove decenije. Prosečan prihod po korisniku mobilne telefonije (ARPU) u Srbiji nalazi se na donjem kraju evropskog raspona, ali je četvrti po visini na Balkanu, prosečno oko 9 evra krajem 2025. Ova cifra je materijalno niža u realnim vrednostima u odnosu na dve do tri godine ranije.

Ovaj spori profil ARPU-a stoga ograničava koliko se investicija u 5G može povratiti samo kroz rast prihoda, pri čemu se svi operatori suočavaju sa nekoliko pritisaka na kapitalne (capex) i operativne troškove (opex) kroz naknade za licence, amortizaciju spektra, troškove energije, kao i ulaganja u optiku i projekte vezane za EXPO.

Iznos od 300 miliona evra (349,11 miliona dolara) prikupljen na nedavnoj aukciji je značajan u odnosu na veličinu srpskog tržišta. Iako su naknade raspoređene tokom vremena, one i dalje apsorbuju kapacitet bilansa stanja. Srpski operatori, kao i njihove evropske kolege, suočili su se sa volatilnošću cena električne energije od 2022. godine, pri čemu energija čini značajan deo operativnih troškova. Ovo stvara snažne podsticaje za primenu energetski efikasnih radio uređaja i korišćenje funkcija kao što su 5G “režimi spavanja” (sleep modes) kako izgradnja napreduje. Vlada je istakla i ruralni širokopojasni internet i pripreme za EXPO 2027 u Beogradu kao strateške prioritete, zahtevajući nadogradnje u pozadinskoj mreži (backhaul), jezgru i metro transportnoj infrastrukturi.

U ovom izazovnom okruženju, raniji potezi na tržištu pomogli su da se oslobodi deo kapitala za 5G. Telekom je završio prodaju tornjeva konzorcijumu koji predvodi Actis, dok je A1 učinio slično sa svojim izdvajanjem EuroTeleSites kompanije. U međuvremenu, PPF Telecom Group, u kojoj je Etisalat (e&) stekao većinski udeo u širem portfoliju centralne i istočne Evrope, odlučio je da strukturno odvoji mrežu Yettel-a u CETIN Srbija. Ovaj entitet sada poseduje i upravlja pasivnom i aktivnom infrastrukturom i pruža veleprodajne usluge mobilne mreže Yettel-u.

Strateški fokus srpskih operatora prelazi sa obima na vrednost

Tri srpska operatora su se razišla u različite strateške pozicije. Telekom Srbija, podržan od strane države, ostaje lider u obimu sa približno 42-44% tržišnog udela i generiše najveći apsolutni prihod (1,3-1,4 milijarde evra na nivou grupe u 2024.), ali nosi najteži teret zaduženosti, trgujući slobodnim novčanim tokovima za agresivno trošenje na sadržaj (Premier liga i NBA prava) kako bi odbranio ARPU od odliva korisnika (churn). Fiksno-mobilno povezivanje dodatno podržava vezanost njegovih pretplatnika, posebno među domaćinstvima privučenim premium sportskim sadržajem.

Inkrementalno stvaranje vrednosti na tržištu, međutim, pomera se ka efikasnijim izazivačima. Yettel je uspešno prešao put od mobilne “krave muzare” (cash cow), hvaleći se najvišim ARPU-om (oko 11,60 evra u 2024.), do konvergentnog izazivača. Podržan fokusom PPF Grupe na efikasnost, održava najzdravije EBITDA marže na tržištu (rast od 19% u 2024. na 171 milion evra ili 198,99 miliona dolara) agresivnom unakrsnom prodajom svojih ‘Hipernet’ fiksnih usluga lojalnoj bazi mobilnih korisnika od oko 30% tržišnog udela, efikasno se izolujući od ratova cena.

A1, i dalje najmanji operator po tržišnom udelu sa oko 27%, ostaje primarni konkurentski izazivač i smanjuje jaz u profitabilnosti dok A1 Grupa transformiše svoje poslovanje u Srbiji u konvergentnog igrača. Odbacio je identitet diskontera i pozicionirao se kao poseban inovator vrednosti sa “vitkim” modelom sposobnim za brzo raspoređivanje kapitala.

Operator je zabeležio rast EBITDA od 15% u 2024. na 146 miliona evra ili 169,90 miliona dolara (marža od približno 37%), vođen rastom cena usklađenim sa inflacijom i prodajom skupljih paketa (upselling), čak i dok su se baze pripejd i postpejd korisnika smanjivale. Akvizicija Conexio Metro optike (42.000 spremnih domova) i lansiranje fiksnih usluga 2025. godine imaju za cilj da dodatno podignu ARPU A1 i smanje odliv korisnika.

A1 i Yettel ušli su u 5G ciklus sa jačom 4G mrežnom osnovom

Kasni ciklus 5G RAN-a u Srbiji primorao je operatore da rastuću potražnju za podacima nose gotovo u potpunosti na svojim 4G mrežama tokom većeg dela 2025. godine pre aukcije. Svaki operator se okrenuo korišćenju refarminga frekvencija 800, 1800 i 2100 MHz, agregaciji tri do četiri nosioca i ciljanom zgušnjavanju mreže duž urbanih područja i transportnih koridora kako bi maksimizirao prostornu ponovnu upotrebu spektra.

Iako je ova strategija fokusirana na 4G gurnula postojeću mrežu do krajnjih granica, ekonomija je za operatore postajala sve gora. Svaka dodatna lokacija ili nadogradnja radija bila je teška za kapitalne i energetske troškove na tržištu osetljivom na cene, a dobici u spektralnoj efikasnosti od daljih LTE-Advanced podešavanja bili su marginalni u poređenju sa aktiviranjem velikih, čistih 5G nosilaca u opsegu 3,5 GHz.

Putanja performansi tokom 2025. naglašava različite startne pozicije sa kojih su operatori ušli u 5G ciklus. A1 je zadržao značajnu prednost u brzini u Srbiji čak i na 4G, sa medijanom brzine mobilnog preuzimanja na svojoj mreži od 81,03 Mbps u trećem kvartalu 2025., što je otprilike 40% brže od Yettel-a (53,15 Mbps) i Telekoma (57,95 Mbps).

Rane 5G performanse premašuju očekivanja dok operatori aktiviraju novi spektar

Istovremeno komercijalno lansiranje 5G od strane sva tri srpska operatora 3. decembra 2025. izazvalo je trenutnu i značajnu transformaciju u performansama mreže. Analiza podataka Speedtest Intelligence za četvrti kvartal 2025. otkriva povećanja brzine koja daleko prevazilaze ono što bi se obično primetilo od inkrementalnih 4G poboljšanja, potvrđujući da novoaktivirani spektar od 3,5 GHz i 700 MHz već donosi značajne benefite krajnjim korisnicima.

A1 je isporučio medijanu brzine mobilnog preuzimanja od 208,29 Mbps u četvrtom kvartalu 2025., što je povećanje od 157% sa 81,03 Mbps u trećem kvartalu. Yettel je zabeležio najveće relativno poboljšanje, sa brzinama koje su porasle za 160% sa 53,15 Mbps na 138,45 Mbps. Telekom, iako beleži najniže apsolutne brzine među tri operatora, ipak je postigao povećanje od 88% na 109,02 Mbps sa 57,95 Mbps.

A1 proširuje prednost u brzini dok sva tri operatora beleže oštar rast zahvaljujući 5G
Speedtest Intelligence® | Q4 2024 – Q4 2025

Brzine otpremanja (upload) su se slično poboljšale kod svih operatora, pri čemu Yettel vodi sa 27,02 Mbps, a slede ga Telekom (24,02 Mbps) i A1 (23,41 Mbps). Latencija na više servera (multi-server latency) konvergirala je na ~32 ms na sve tri mreže, što je pad u odnosu na divergentne brojke iz trećeg kvartala.

Brzine otpremanja rastu nakon pokretanja 5G mreže, Yettel preuzima vođstvo
Speedtest Intelligence® | Q4 2024 – Q4 2025

Najjasniji dokaz tekuće mobilne transformacije Srbije je njen uspon na Speedtest Global Index-u. U decembru 2025., Srbija se popela za 44 pozicije na 14. mesto globalno sa medijanom brzine preuzimanja od 173,04 Mbps, plasirajući se ispred utvrđenih evropskih 5G tržišta uključujući Gruziju (15.), Holandiju (16.), Norvešku (20.), Francusku (26.) i Finsku (27.). Iako je određeni povratak nazad vrlo verovatan kako se opterećenje mreže bude povećavalo tokom 2026. godine, široka alokacija spektra od 130 MHz po operatoru pruža jedinstveno značajan prostor za apsorpciju rasta saobraćaja uz održavanje snažnih performansi.

Analiza podataka o dostupnosti 5G potvrđuje da su operatori brzo aktivirali komercijalnu uslugu nakon lansiranja 3. decembra. A1 je prednjačio sa dostupnošću 5G od 24% u četvrtom kvartalu 2025., što ukazuje da su korisnici na 5G uređajima u njegovoj mreži proveli približno četvrtinu svog vremena povezani na 5G. Yettel i Telekom su zabeležili slične brojke od 19%. Očekuje se da će ove brojke o dostupnosti stalno rasti kako operatori budu širili svoje 5G otiske izvan početnih zona lansiranja u Beogradu i većim gradovima.

Razlike u progresu gašenja 3G mreže ističu razlike u strategiji spektra i zrelosti 4G mreže

Ulaganja u zgušnjavanje mreže baznih stanica i proširenje 4G pokrivenosti doprinela su poboljšanoj konzistentnosti mreže i ishodima pokrivenosti kod svih operatora. Dostupnost 4G u četvrtom kvartalu 2025. dostigla je 95% za A1, 94% za Yettel i 90% za Telekom, odražavajući široku pokrivenost u ruralnim područjima i značajno vreme provedeno na 4G (a sada i 5G) mrežama u zatvorenom prostoru u urbanim područjima, kako širenje niskog opsega i zgušnjavanje lokacija pomažu dublju penetraciju u zgrade u gradovima poput Beograda i Novog Sada.

Širi obim 4G mreže A1 i opsežna upotreba VoLTE-a širom njegove pokrivenosti omogućili su mu da deluje agresivnije od konkurenata po pitanju gašenja (sunset) 3G usluga. Nakon najave faznog gašenja 3G do kraja juna 2025., A1 je završio ukidanje 3G mreže na nacionalnom nivou u aprilu 2025., oslobađajući svoj 3G sloj od 2100 MHz za 4G/5G, dok je eksplicitno zadržao 2G u opsegu 900 MHz kao tanko sidro za govorne/SMS usluge i IoT uređaje niže klase, gurajući sav glavni govorni saobraćaj na VoLTE.

Šira 4G pokrivenost A1 pruža čvršću osnovu za 5G nadogradnju
Speedtest Intelligence® | Q4 2024 – Q4 2025

Gašenje 3G mreže od strane A1 efektivno je konvertovalo njegov otisak od 2100 MHz u čisti sloj 4G kapaciteta, dok ga njegov relativno mali deo od 4,2 MHz u opsegu 900 MHz (u poređenju sa 9,6 MHz za Telekom i Yettel) čini strukturno motivisanim da ubrza migraciju na VoLTE i vremenom smanji upotrebu 2G mreže.

Yettel, nasuprot tome, nema formalne datume gašenja 2G/3G mreže, ali je već “tiho” prenamenio veliki deo svog originalnog 3G sloja od 2100 MHz u 4G, zadržavajući “kišobran” niskog dualnog opsega 2G/3G uglavnom na 900 MHz dok upotreba VoLTE-a i uvođenje 5G mreže ne sazru.

Telekom ostaje najkonzervativniji po pitanju tajminga gašenja mreže, što odražava veću bazu ruralnih i starih korisnika i želju da se izbegne nagli prekid glasovnih usluga dok upotreba VoLTE-a još uvek raste povrh komparativno manje baze 4G pokrivenosti. Operator nastavlja da koristi i 2G (900/1800 MHz) i 3G (prvenstveno 2100 MHz) uporedo sa 4G/5G.

Strategije dobavljača se razlikuju dok operatori upravljaju tranzicijom opreme

Pored prednosti posedovanja širokog 4G otiska, brzina kojom je A1 mogao da sprovede gašenje 3G verovatno je na neki način oblikovana njegovom jedinstveno čistom strategijom dobavljača. A1 Grupa je već zaključala Srbiju u single-RAN strategiju sa kompanijom Nokia koja isporučuje i radio i paketno jezgro, u okviru petogodišnjeg 5G plana za pokrivanje glavnih populacionih centara i transportnih koridora, koristeći mrežu tornjeva izdvojene kompanije EuroTeleSites-a kako bi zadržala RAN relativno rasterećenim od fiksne imovine (asset-light).

Telekom je, nasuprot tome, usred zaokreta sa nasleđenog 2G-4G otiska koji se u velikoj meri oslanjao na Huawei, ka dvostrukom nordijskom 5G sloju, finansiranom kroz karakterističnu multilateralnu strukturu koja uključuje Evropsku banku za obnovu i razvoj, švedsku izvozno-kreditnu korporaciju i američku Exim banku. Značajno je da ugovor sa američkom Exim bankom od približno 42,97 miliona evra (50 miliona dolara) predstavlja prvi sporazum te vrste između jednog evropskog telekom operatora i američke Izvozno-uvozne banke. Ericsson i Nokia su ugovoreni za isporuku 5G baznih stanica za uvođenje mreže.

Yettel, preko CETIN Srbija, takođe prolazi kroz aktivnu diversifikaciju dobavljača dok prelazi sa Huawei-a, koji je istorijski korišćen za njegov RAN, na Ericsson za izgradnju 5G mreže. Ova tranzicija se koordiniše uporedo sa širim projektom “5G Balkan” kompanije CETIN, koji ima za cilj jačanje optičke povezanosti širom regiona u partnerstvu sa CETIN Bugarska.

5G podsticaj stiže u pravom trenutku za EXPO 2027

Istovremeno lansiranje 5G mreže u decembru 2025. od strane sva tri operatora, podržano velikodušnim alokacijama od 130 MHz u srednjem opsegu i modernom opremom koja je bila pripremljena tokom regulatornih odlaganja, lansiralo je Srbiju sa bliskog dna balkanske mobilne rang liste na visoko konkurentnu poziciju globalno, potvrđujući potencijal da kasni usvajaoci smanje razliku u odnosu na konkurente kada se usklade politika spektra i realizacija operatora.

Sa EXPO 2027 na horizontu i vladom koja je posvećena korišćenju ovog događaja kao izloga za digitalne sposobnosti zemlje, srpski mobilni operatori suočavaju se i sa pritiskom konkurencije i sa značajnom prilikom da pokažu šta ulaganja u 5G infrastrukturu mogu doneti potrošačima i preduzećima. Rani podaci sugerišu da su dorasli izazovu.

Ookla retains ownership of this article including all of the intellectual property rights, data, content graphs and analysis. This article may not be quoted, reproduced, distributed or published for any commercial purpose without prior consent. Members of the press and others using the findings in this article for non-commercial purposes are welcome to publicly share and link to report information with attribution to Ookla.

| February 17, 2026

The Global 5G SA Footprint in 2026 (Poster Download)

5G SA rollouts are accelerating globally, but device and tariff-side fragmentation continue to drag on real-world usage

Editor’s Note: The 5G SA map in this poster has been updated. The revised version uses Zoom Level 11 tile resolution, consistent with last year’s edition, to better capture full-year network patterns, particularly in highly urbanized markets like China.

The deployment of 5G Standalone networks is accelerating across a widening number of markets, driven by maturing device ecosystems, rising core network investment, and the growing commercial imperative to deliver the performance improvements that the SA architecture can enable. Despite this progress, the gap between operator-reported coverage of 5G SA networks and real-world usage of these networks continues to widen, held back by tariff inertia and device-side fragmentation in network access.

Regional disparities in commercialization progress persist, but the direction of travel is clear. Markets that were virtually absent from the 5G SA landscape a year ago are now registering meaningful deployment levels, and several advanced operators are pushing into the next evolutionary phase with early deployments of 5G Advanced capabilities built on the SA foundation, including new levels of spectrum depth through advanced carrier aggregation features.

Building on the success of last year’s inaugural edition, Ookla® has released an updated high-resolution downloadable poster based on Speedtest Intelligence® data, offering a unified view of the global reach of both 5G NSA and 5G SA networks through 2025. This visual accompanies a new flagship global study in collaboration with Omdia, comparing the competitiveness of leading regions and countries in 5G SA deployment, performance, and monetization.


Key Takeaways

Asia Pacific continues to lead in 5G SA reach, but new entrants are reshaping the global leaderboard

In 2025, six of the top ten countries by 5G SA reach were in Asia Pacific, with China (79.0% 5G SA sample share), India (49.2%), and Singapore (37.0%) maintaining dominant positions globally. China’s lead has been reinforced by multi-operator SA deployments across all major carriers, while India’s position reflects the deep nationwide low-band coverage strategy pushed by Reliance Jio on the 700 MHz band, supplemented by growing mid-band SA rollout. Singapore’s strong showing, meanwhile, reflects the favorable deployment conditions provided by a small landmass and very high urbanization.

The United States (27.6%) has continued its upward trajectory, propelled by T-Mobile’s maturing SA network and commercial launches by both AT&T and Verizon for the first time during the year, while Australia (15.4%) has similarly benefited from multi-operator SA deployments. Thailand (8.5%) and the Philippines (9.0%) round out the Asia Pacific contingent, reflecting growing SA ambitions in Southeast Asia. The UAE (8.0%) has entered the top ten for the first time, signaling a geographic diversification of SA adoption beyond advanced Asian markets. Austria (8.0%) and Spain (8.1%) remain the only European markets in the upper ranks, though the region’s broader trajectory has shifted meaningfully.

APAC Claims 6 of Top 10 Spots in Global 5G SA Reach
Speedtest Intelligence® | 2025

The U.S. sustains its 5G SA performance lead, while the UAE and South Korea demonstrate the ceiling for optimized networks

The United States now combines relatively high 5G SA reach with strong download speeds, a combination that is unusual globally. In Q4 2025, median download speeds on 5G SA in the U.S. reached 403.97 Mbps, building on the gains recorded in the prior year, and significantly ahead of large-scale Asian deployments such as China (212.40 Mbps) and India (222.11 Mbps).

T-Mobile’s “layer cake” spectrum strategy remains the foundation of U.S. 5G SA performance. By pairing broad 600 MHz coverage, initially launched as 5G NSA in 2019 before transitioning to SA in 2020, with dense mid-band deployment in the 2.5 GHz band, the operator has matured its SA network to the point where advanced features such as uplink carrier aggregation and Voice over NR (VoNR) are now widely deployed. Recent 5G SA launches by AT&T and Verizon have extended multi-operator coverage and added the U.S. to the small but burgeoning list of Western markets in which all operators now support nationwide 5G SA networks.

At the top of the global performance table, the UAE has emerged as the clear leader in absolute 5G SA download speeds, registering a median of 1.24 Gbps in Q4 2025. This result is driven by large, contiguous TDD mid-band deployments, intensive carrier aggregation, and site grid densification by Etisalat and du. South Korea sustains its position as a high-performance market at 766.92 Mbps, propelled by its exclusive use of the 3.5 GHz band for 5G, though it continues to trail regional peers in SA reach due to limited commercialization beyond KT. This marks a notable shift from the global leadership South Korea held at the start of the 5G cycle.

5G SA delivers performance uplift across key metrics, but real-world gains in QoE require more than just a core migration

Globally, 5G SA networks are delivering materially improved performance compared to the non-standalone architecture, and the performance gains have held even as SA deployments mature with higher traffic onboarding. In Q4 2025, median download speeds on 5G SA were more than 120% higher than on NSA networks in North America, 57% higher in advanced Asia and Oceania, and 45% higher in Europe. The regional variation reflects differences in spectrum depth, network maturity, and the degree to which operators have activated advanced SA features such as carrier aggregation, rather than any inherent advantage of SA in downlink performance.

Headline latency improvements, a touted beneficiary of the transition to the 5G core, continue to be significant. SA networks delivered median multi-server latency reductions of more than 27% in advanced Asia and Oceania, nearly 24% in North America, and 17% in Europe compared to NSA. However, it is important to note that a standalone core migration alone does not guarantee a better end-user experience in real-world applications. Our quality of experience (QoE) analysis reveals a nuanced picture. SA improves video and cloud infrastructure latency in Europe versus NSA, but underperforms NSA for gaming latency within the same region. North America records the lowest absolute SA cloud and gaming latency, consistent with dense hyperscaler adjacency and mature interconnect ecosystems.

Among European markets, France (41 ms to cloud endpoints), Austria (48 ms), and Finland (50 ms) demonstrate what is achievable where backbone quality, peering density, and routing discipline are strong. These outcomes reflect an underappreciated end-to-end network stack optimization dividend, encompassing data-center proximity, fiber backhaul depth, and user-plane topology, rather than a pure “SA dividend” alone.

5G SA Delivers Higher Download Speeds, Lower Latency, & Faster Uploads
Speedtest Intelligence® | Q4 2025

The upload story has begun to diverge by region. North America’s SA networks deliver 54% higher upload speeds than NSA, reflecting the early implementation of advanced uplink capabilities. In Europe, however, the upload advantage is just 6%, highlighting the still nascent deployment of features such as higher-order MIMO and uplink carrier aggregation in the region beyond leading countries like the United Kingdom. Advanced Asia and Oceania sit in between at 21%, suggesting that the ecosystem for advanced SA uplink capabilities remains at an early stage in most global markets.


A detailed analysis of the state of 5G SA and 5G Advanced around the world is featured in Ookla’s flagship report, produced in collaboration with Omdia, on regional competitiveness in the technology.

Ookla will be at Mobile World Congress this year, located at Booth 2I28 in Hall 2. Please drop by to discuss the state of connectivity in your market, and how Ookla’s network insights can help deliver better connected experiences.

Ookla retains ownership of this article including all of the intellectual property rights, data, content graphs and analysis. This article may not be quoted, reproduced, distributed or published for any commercial purpose without prior consent. Members of the press and others using the findings in this article for non-commercial purposes are welcome to publicly share and link to report information with attribution to Ookla.

| February 17, 2026

A Global Reality Check on 5G Standalone and 5G Advanced in 2026

A year on from our inaugural report, the global 5G SA narrative in 2026 has shifted from a coverage race to a capability contest. The GCC now delivers median download speeds five times those in Europe, while the U.S. has completed its Tier-1 SA launches. Europe is accelerating, but from a low base, and the gap with global leaders risks widening as 5G Advanced scales elsewhere.

The second edition of Ookla and Omdia’s flagship report on the global state of 5G Standalone confirms that the technology has moved beyond launch announcements into an execution-driven phase. By the close of 2025, the “coverage gap” between major economic blocs had narrowed, but a more consequential “capability gap” has emerged, reflecting divergent spectrum strategies, investment depth, and the extent to which operators have moved beyond baseline SA deployment toward end-to-end network optimization.

Globally, 5G SA availability based on Speedtest® sample share reached 17.6% in Q4 2025, up modestly from 16.2% a year earlier, indicating that roughly one in six 5G Speedtests worldwide now occurs on a standalone network. The headline global median SA download speed of 269.51 Mbps represents a 52% premium over non-standalone networks, though this figure masks significant regional variation driven by spectrum allocation depth, carrier aggregation maturity, and user-plane engineering.

For governments and regulators, the stakes of the SA transition have intensified. National competitiveness, digital sovereignty, and AI readiness have converged to reshape investment priorities across major markets. The European Commission’s Digital Networks Act, the U.S.’ supply chain diversification program, and China’s integration of 5G Advanced into its 15th Five-Year Plan all signal that 5G SA is now treated as foundational national infrastructure central to AI ambitions, and not merely a connectivity upgrade.

This year’s report significantly expands the scope of the analysis. For the first time, our research examines 5G SA’s impact on end-user battery life and voice performance (VoNR), quality of experience (QoE) metrics to cloud and gaming infrastructure, and the first wave of commercial monetization strategies spanning consumer network slicing, enterprise SLAs, and 5G Advanced segmentation. We also provide an assessment of the geopolitical context now shaping SA’s evolution, from Europe’s Digital Networks Act to the GCC’s sovereign AI infrastructure strategies.


Key Takeaways:

The GCC has established itself as the global 5G SA performance leader, with the UAE setting the speed benchmark

Led by e& and du’s aggressive 5G Advanced deployments, the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) delivered the world’s fastest 5G SA median download speeds in Q4 2025 at 1.13 Gbps, nearly five times that of Europe. The UAE alone reached a median of 1.24 Gbps on SA networks, a speed that would be considered exceptional even for full-fiber broadband in developed markets. The deployment of four-carrier aggregation and enhanced MIMO technology, coupled with the strategic allocation of premium mid-band spectrum to the SA network, demonstrates the performance ceiling that a fully realized 5G SA architecture can achieve.

Spectrum Depth & Core Optimization Shape 5G SA
Speedtest Intelligence® | Q4 2025

South Korea followed at 767 Mbps, driven by wide 3.5 GHz channel bandwidth, with the U.S. at 404 Mbps following the completion of nationwide SA deployments by all three Tier-1 operators. Europe, at 205 Mbps, trails all developed regions, though the region’s SA networks still deliver a 45% download speed premium over NSA, confirming the performance value of the SA transition where material spectrum depth is allocated.

Europe’s 5G SA gap with global peers is narrowing, but the region still trails North America by 27 percentage points

Europe’s 5G SA sample share more than doubled from 1.1% to 2.8% between Q4 2024 and Q4 2025, driven by accelerated deployments in Austria (8.7%), Spain (8.3%), the United Kingdom (7.0%), and France (5.9%). These four markets now account for the vast majority of European SA connections. The United Kingdom and France registered the strongest year-on-year acceleration in Europe, each gaining 5.3 percentage points, reflecting the impact of investment-linked merger conditions and competition in the United Kingdom, as well as targeted R&D policy support in France.

U.S. Widens 5G SA Lead Over Europe & Gulf
Speedtest Intelligence® | Q1 2023 – Q4 2025

However, the region still trails North America by 27 percentage points and emerging Asia by 30. At the global level, the U.S. remains the largest accelerator in absolute terms over the last year, with SA sample share rising 8.2 percentage points to 31.6% year-on-year, driven by the sequential rollout of SA across all Tier-1 operators beyond T-Mobile. Firmware fragmentation, where handset OEMs gatekeep SA network access pending individual carrier certification, and tariff structures that fail to incentivize migration from NSA, remain the primary barriers to faster European adoption.

5G SA delivers measurable performance and quality of experience gains, but end-to-end optimization separates leaders from laggards

Globally, SA connections delivered a 52% download speed premium (mostly an artifact of rich spectrum allocation and lower network load) and improved median multi-server latency by over 6% compared to NSA. However, this year’s report finds that a standalone core migration alone does not guarantee a better end-user experience. Quality of experience analysis reveals a nuanced picture: SA improves video and cloud infrastructure latency in Europe versus NSA, but underperforms NSA for gaming latency within the same region. North America records the lowest absolute SA cloud and gaming latency, consistent with dense hyperscaler adjacency and mature interconnect ecosystems.

Among European markets, France (41 ms to cloud endpoints), Austria (48 ms), and Finland (50 ms) demonstrate what is achievable where backbone quality, peering density, and routing discipline are strong. These outcomes reflect an underappreciated end-to-end network stack optimization dividend, encompassing data-center proximity, fiber backhaul depth, and user-plane topology, rather than a pure “SA dividend” alone.

The report also presents early evidence of a tangible consumer benefit of SA: battery life. In the UK, devices on EE’s 5G SA network recorded median discharge times approximately 22% longer than those on NSA, with O2 showing an 11% advantage. These gains likely stem from features like SA’s unified control plane, which eliminates the dual-connectivity overhead of NSA configurations.

Core network investment is accelerating as monetization transitions from concept to selective execution

Omdia’s latest forecasts confirm the industry’s shift toward software-defined core capability as the primary driver of next-cycle investment. Global 5G core software spending is projected to grow at an 8.8% CAGR between 2025 and 2030, with EMEA leading at 16.7%, significantly outpacing North America (5.5%) and Asia & Oceania (4.2%). This reflects EMEA’s later position in the deployment cycle, as the region is entering its period of peak 5G core adoption, while North America’s core spending trajectory is expected to have peaked in 2025 following the commercial launches by AT&T and Verizon. By end of Q3 2025, 83 operators worldwide had deployed 5G core networks, with 5G core investment accounting for 63.6% of global core network function software spending.

5G Core Investment Accelerates Across Regions
Omdia | 2023-2030

On monetization, consumer strategies now span speed tiers (primarily Europe), network slicing (Singapore, France, and the U.S.), and 5G Advanced segmentation packages (China). Enterprise slicing presents the much larger long-term revenue opportunity, with T-Mobile’s SuperMobile representing the first nationwide commercial B2B slicing service in the U.S. Countries with coordinated regulatory frameworks, implementing clear coverage obligations, investment incentives, or infrastructure consolidation policies with deployment remedies, consistently outperform those with fragmented or reactive approaches, reinforcing the report’s finding that policy has emerged as a primary competitive differentiator in 5G SA outcomes globally.


Download the full report

For the comprehensive analysis of 5G SA and 5G Advanced deployment, performance, and monetization across global markets, including new research on battery life, voice performance, quality of experience, geopolitical context, and expanded policy case studies from the UK, France, Brazil, Japan, and the UAE, download the full report, 5G Standalone and 5G Advanced: A Global Reality Check on 5G SA and 5G Advanced in 2026.

Ookla retains ownership of this article including all of the intellectual property rights, data, content graphs and analysis. This article may not be quoted, reproduced, distributed or published for any commercial purpose without prior consent. Members of the press and others using the findings in this article for non-commercial purposes are welcome to publicly share and link to report information with attribution to Ookla.

| November 17, 2025

New Silicon, New Speeds: How Apple's N1 compares with Android Flagships for Wi-Fi Performance

New wireless silicon in the iPhone 17 family delivers material performance improvements over predecessors, pushing it ahead of many Android flagship devices in Wi-Fi.

If the last few smartphone releases were defined by cellular milestones, 2025 has quietly become the year of Wi‑Fi. Apple’s first custom networking chip, the N1, arrives in the iPhone 17 family, while Android flagships (meaning companies’ top-of-the-line models) have leaned into Wi-Fi 7 and 6 GHz with enhanced capabilities made possible by 320 MHz channels. The primacy of Wi-Fi performance in the everyday user experience and the proliferation of new form factors mean device manufacturers are competing more intensely for access to the best networking silicon.

Using global, crowdsourced Speedtest Intelligence® data from the six weeks after the iPhone 17 family of devices hit stores, we compared the performance of Apple’s N1 with its Broadcom-based predecessor and leading Android flagships using Wi-Fi silicon from Qualcomm, MediaTek and Broadcom.

Key Takeaways:

  • Apple’s N1 chipset is a substantial upgrade. The iPhone 17 family delivers a clear step-change in Wi-Fi performance vs. the Broadcom-based iPhone 16 lineup, with faster download and upload speeds across every region. Globally, median download and upload speeds on the N1 were each up to 40% higher than on its predecessor.
  • Google’s Pixel 10 Pro and iPhone 17 families jostle for Wi-Fi leadership. The Pixel 10 Pro recorded the highest global median download speed at 335.33 Mbps during the study period, marginally edging out the iPhone 17 family at 329.56 Mbps. The pattern flips at the 10th percentile (worst-case), where the iPhone 17 family leads globally with 56.08 Mbps, just ahead of the Pixel 10 Pro family at 53.25 Mbps.
  • Xiaomi’s 15T Pro delivers the strongest upload and latency performance. Based on MediaTek Wi-Fi silicon integrated with the Dimensity 9400(+) platform, the 15T Pro performed strongest in 90th-percentile (best-case) download speed at 887.25 Mbps, upload speed at the 10th, median and 90th percentile levels and median multi-server latency (15 ms) globally.
  • Huawei’s Pura 80 family suffers from lack of 6 GHz support but remains competitive on non-6 GHz networks. Based on a “self-developed chip-level collaboration” (likely from HiSilicon), it lags other flagships in download and upload speeds, with a particularly acute gap at the 90th percentile where the absence of 6 GHz support hurts peak performance. Notwithstanding this, when looking only at non-6 GHz samples, the Pura 80 family is more competitive and, on Wi-Fi 6, delivers the second-fastest upload speeds at the 90th percentile (603.61 Mbps) in Southeast Asia against Android flagships.
  • Wi-Fi 7 and 6 GHz are force multipliers for flagship Wi-Fi silicon, though adoption remains regionally skewed. Across Android families, median 6 GHz download speeds were at least 77% faster than 5 GHz, and the step from Wi-Fi 6 to Wi-Fi 7 delivered a similar lift. In North America, flagship Android users spend much more time on 6 GHz networks, with the Galaxy S25 family showing over 20% of Speedtest samples on 6 GHz, compared with about 5% in Europe and Northeast Asia and just 1.7% in the Gulf region.

Methodological note: This analysis uses Speedtest® data collected from September 19 to October 29, 2025. The included Wi-Fi 7-capable devices are listed below. For each device family, the results represent the aggregate of all devices in that family:

  • Apple iPhone 16 family (iPhone 16, 16 Plus, 16 Pro, 16 Pro Max)
  • Apple iPhone 17 family (iPhone Air, iPhone 17, iPhone 17 Pro, iPhone 17 Pro Max)
  • Samsung Galaxy S25 family (Galaxy S25, S25+, S25 Ultra)
  • Google Pixel 10 Pro family (Pixel 10 Pro, Pixel 10 Pro XL)
  • Huawei Pura 80 family (Pura 80 Pro, Pura 80 Ultra)
  • Xiaomi 15T Pro
  • Vivo X200 Pro
  • Oppo Find X8 Pro

Apple’s N1 focuses on tighter hardware-software integration rather than chasing peak capability

The arrival of the N1 marks the next ambitious step in Apple’s multi-year plan to bring the last major piece of the iPhone’s wireless stack in-house. By moving off Broadcom-supplied parts, Apple gains tighter control over mission-critical silicon, reduces supplier dependence and pricing exposure and creates a reusable radio platform that can scale across iPhone, Mac, iPad, Watch and Home devices.

Technically, the N1 is a single-die chip that integrates Wi-Fi 7, Bluetooth 6 and Thread radios. Aside from the step up from Bluetooth 5.3 to 6 and Apple’s claim that tighter hardware-software integration improves features like AirDrop and Personal Hotspot, the N1’s Wi-Fi capabilities appear, on paper, virtually identical to its Broadcom-based predecessor.

This continuity in Wi-Fi specifications is notable because it means the N1 is capped at 160 MHz channels and lacks support for 320 MHz operation and thus the peak link rates (or PHY speeds) available with flagship silicon from vendors such as Qualcomm and MediaTek.

In practical terms, this should limit the N1’s peak performance in markets that allow the full 6 GHz band, like the US, which offers up to three non-overlapping 320 MHz channels. It should also limit performance (although potentially to a lesser degree) in regions that allow only the lower 6 GHz block, like the EU and UK, which offer just one non-overlapping 320 MHz channel.

iPhone 17 family delivers a clear step up in Wi-Fi performance over its predecessors

Analysis of Speedtest Intelligence data shows that, despite the similar headline specifications between the Broadcom-based iPhone 16 family and the N1-powered iPhone 17, the 17 delivers a clear step-change in real-world Wi-Fi performance. New devices often appear to outperform in their early weeks, partly because early adopters skew toward wealthier markets with more capable Wi-Fi networks. However, the consistency and magnitude of the iPhone 17’s lead indicate this is not a launch-period skew but a genuine improvement.

iPhone 17 Family Delivers Step-Change in Wi-Fi Performance Globally
Speedtest Intelligence® | Sept 19 – Oct 29, 2025. Regional.

To ensure the gains are not a simple country-mix artifact, we matched markets where both families exhibited the most samples during the study period. Across all of those countries analysed, including major markets such as the US, UK, Germany, Japan, Italy and India, the iPhone 17 outperformed the iPhone 16 on download performance. This pattern holds across markets with very high absolute speeds (e.g., France) and more typical markets alike, pointing to genuine device-side improvements.

N1 Silicon is Driving Wi-Fi Gains Across Major Markets
Speedtest Intelligence® | Sept 19 – Oct 29, 2025. Country-level.

The iPhone 17 family delivered higher download and upload speeds on Wi-Fi compared to the iPhone 16 across every studied percentile (10th, median and 90th) and virtually every region. During the study period, the iPhone 17 family’s global median download of 329.56 Mbps was as much as 40% higher than the iPhone 16 family’s 236.46 Mbps. Upload speeds improved similarly, jumping from 73.68 Mbps to 103.26 Mbps. 

iPhone 17 Family Sees Biggest Upload Gains in Asia
Speedtest Intelligence® | Sept 19 – Oct 29, 2025. Regional

Notably, the N1 delivers a far bigger generational uplift at the 10th percentile than at the 90th, implying Apple’s custom silicon lifts the floor more than the ceiling, a pattern we also saw in our analysis of the in-house C1 modem’s cellular performance.

iPhone 17 Family is Stronger in Tough Wi-Fi Conditions
Speedtest Intelligence® | Sept 19 – Oct 29, 2025. Regional.

This means the N1 appears to deliver a more consistent experience across a wider range of environments, in particular uplifting performance under challenging Wi-Fi conditions. Specifically, 10th-percentile speeds on iPhone 17 were over 60% higher, versus just over 20% at the 90th percentile.

Singapore and France Lead Global iPhone 17 Speeds
Speedtest Intelligence® | Sept 19 – Oct 29, 2025. Country-level. iPhone 17 family.

At a regional level, iPhone 17 users enjoyed the highest median download speeds in North America at 416.14 Mbps (up from 323.69 Mbps on the iPhone 16 family), mainly due to greater 6 GHz use. At a country level, meanwhile, iPhone 17 users in Singapore (613.80 Mbps) and France (601.46 Mbps) saw the highest speeds out of all the markets where the device has launched, reflecting the very high penetration of multi-gigabit fibre in both.

The lack of 320 MHz support does not yet impact N1 performance in the wild

The N1’s performance not only surpasses its Broadcom-based predecessor but also places the iPhone 17 family in a strong competitive position across all Wi-Fi metrics in every region. Notably, Apple’s latest lineup achieved the highest global 10th-percentile download speed at 56.08 Mbps, reinforcing the observation that the N1 is likely to deliver more consistent performance in non-ideal Wi-Fi conditions.

The N1’s apparent handicap on paper, with channel width capped at 160 MHz rather than the 320 MHz that Wi-Fi 7 supports with 6 GHz, does not materially affect performance in real world use for most people. In theory, this cap could halve peak link rates right next to a top tier router, yet the impact is rarely visible outside controlled tests, highlighting the importance of real-world testing and crowdsourced data to reflect the actual end-user experience. 

Strong iPhone 17 Performance in North America
Speedtest Intelligence® | Sept 19 – Oct 29, 2025. North America.

This is evident in the iPhone 17 family posting the highest median (416.14 Mbps) and 90th percentile (976.39 Mbps) download speeds of any device in North America, where gains from 320 MHz channels should be most apparent. The most likely explanation is that the installed base of 320 MHz-capable routers remains very small (and our recent shows Wi-Fi 7 adoption itself is still limited), so usage is not yet material enough to move results at the aggregate level.

North American iPhone 17 Speeds Hold Up Without 320 MHz
Speedtest Intelligence® | Sept 19 – Oct 29, 2025. North America.

This may also explain why Apple chose not to add the capability to the N1, even though the performance benefit of 320-MHz-capable silicon is likely to grow as the Wi-Fi ecosystem matures, making it a future-proofing feature for Android flagships that include it.

Google’s Pixel 10 Pro leads on median download speed, Samsung’s Galaxy S25 delivers lowest best-case latency

Beyond the iPhone 17 family, Google’s Pixel 10 Pro also performed strongly on download speed. Likely powered by Broadcom Wi-Fi silicon (consistent with the Pixel 8 and 9 lineage), it achieved the highest global median download speed at 335.33 Mbps during the study period, narrowly ahead of the iPhone 17 family at 329.56 Mbps. In markets such as North America, where Chinese Android brands have limited share, the Pixel 10 Pro also leads in upload performance at both the median and the 90th percentile.

Pixel 10 Pro Leads Global Wi-Fi Download Speeds
Speedtest Intelligence® | Sept 19 – Oct 29, 2025. Global.

Samsung’s Galaxy S25 family, based on Qualcomm’s FastConnect 7900 Wi-Fi silicon integrated with the Snapdragon 8 Elite platform, did not lead outright in any metric at the global level but was positioned in the upper mid-pack across most. Its clearest regional strength was latency, where it delivered the lowest best-case response times in North America (6 ms), Europe (7 ms) and the Gulf (9 ms). It also led in median multi-server latency in Europe (17 ms) and 90th percentile upload speeds in the Gulf (330.80 Mbps). 

Galaxy S25 Shows Strong Latency Performance
Speedtest Intelligence® | Sept 19 – Oct 29, 2025. Regional.

Xiaomi’s 15T Pro dominates upload performance with MediaTek Wi-Fi silicon

During the study period, the device ranking for upload speed differed markedly from the download ranking, even after controlling for country mix effects (that is, cases where devices skew toward markets with unusually high or low upload speeds). In markets where it has a large installed base, including Europe and Northeast Asia, Xiaomi’s 15T Pro, built on MediaTek Wi-Fi silicon integrated in the Dimensity 9400 (+) platform, showed a commanding lead in upload performance.

During the study period, Xiaomi’s 15T Pro achieved the fastest upload speeds in Europe at every percentile measured (10th, median, 90th) and also led 10th percentile uploads in Northeast Asia. In fiber-rich markets such as France, which are characterized by very high upstream performance and symmetrical line speeds, the 15T Pro was the only device to surpass 100 Mbps at the 10th percentile, 500 Mbps at the median, and 1,000 Mbps at the 90th percentile.

Xiaomi’s 15T Pro Leads on Upload Speed
Speedtest Intelligence® | Sept 19 – Oct 29, 2025. Global.

Beyond upload performance, Xiaomi’s flagship also provided strong performance on multi-server latency, delivering the lowest response times globally at the median (15 ms) and 90th percentile levels (42 ms). 

Huawei’s Pura 80 family performs relatively more strongly where 6 GHz is not used

The Pura 80 series is based on a “self-developed chip-level collaboration” for Wi-Fi 7, suggesting, but not confirming, continued use of a HiSilicon solution after the Pura 70’s in-house silicon. If this is the case, Huawei would be the only other manufacturer besides Apple using vertically integrated Wi-Fi silicon across its current flagship lineup.

Critically, however, Huawei’s Wi-Fi 7 implementation in the Pura 80 family lacks 6 GHz support, both on devices sold in China (where 6 GHz is not available for Wi-Fi anyway) and overseas. This limitation significantly impedes performance capability on 6 GHz-capable Wi-Fi networks, especially in crowded environments, where the additional spectrum unlocks major speed gains on devices that can take advantage of it.  

Huawei's Pura 80 Performs Better on Non-6 GHz Wi-Fi
Speedtest Intelligence® | Sept 19 – Oct 29, 2025. Southeast Asia.

The lack of 6 GHz support is particularly evident at the 90th percentile, where the Pura 80 family trailed all other devices in Southeast Asia, the region with the largest observed install base for the device, posting download speeds of 541.33 Mbps that were more than 39% below the top performing Oppo Find X8 Pro there. This lag also extended to median download speeds in the same region, where the Pura 80 family again trailed all other devices.

Notwithstanding this disadvantage, the Pura 80 was competitive on some metrics, including upload performance on access points lacking Wi-Fi 6E and Wi-Fi 7 (which do not benefit from 6 GHz access). On Wi-Fi 6 connections, Huawei’s flagship delivered the second-fastest upload speeds at the 90th percentile (603.61 Mbps) in Southeast Asia against Android flagships.

Wi-Fi 7 and 6 GHz propel flagships to new performance levels, but benefits remain fragmented

Although Wi-Fi outcomes vary by device, even between models using the same silicon because factors like hardware and software integration and chassis tuning affect results, and although they also vary by region, the commonality is a step-change in performance on flagship devices enabled by newer standards such as Wi-Fi 7 and access to the 6 GHz band.

North American Flagship Users Spend More Time on 6 GHz Wi-Fi
Speedtest Intelligence® | Sept 19 – Oct 29, 2025. Samsung Galaxy S25 Family.

On modern access points and devices with Wi-Fi 7-capable silicon, users can take advantage of newer features like Multi-Link Operation (MLO), which enables the use of multiple Wi-Fi bands at the same time (similar to carrier aggregation with cellular).

Flagship Devices See Higher Speeds on Newer Wi-Fi Standards
Speedtest Intelligence® | Sept 19 – Oct 29, 2025. Global.

These upgrades are translating into tangible gains, with Wi-Fi 7 delivering roughly double the median download speeds of Wi-Fi 6 on the same flagship Android devices included in this study (uplift ranging from +74% to +108% depending on device family). The step from Wi-Fi 5 to Wi-Fi 6 delivered a similar uplift on these devices (uplift ranging from +72% to +123%). Similarly, median download speeds on flagship devices connected to 6 GHz were at least 77% faster than 5 GHz.  

Flagship Devices Perform Better on Higher Wi-Fi Bands
Speedtest Intelligence® | Sept 19 – Oct 29, 2025. Global.

The diffusion of these benefits in the real-world, however, is still at an early stage and regionally fragmented. For instance, while over 20% of Speedtest samples conducted on the Galaxy S25 family in North America originated on the 6 GHz band during the study period, only about 5% of samples in Europe and Northeast Asia and 1.7% in the Gulf region were based on 6 GHz. 

Ookla retains ownership of this article including all of the intellectual property rights, data, content graphs and analysis. This article may not be quoted, reproduced, distributed or published for any commercial purpose without prior consent. Members of the press and others using the findings in this article for non-commercial purposes are welcome to publicly share and link to report information with attribution to Ookla.

| October 22, 2025

Revealing the Cascading Impacts of the AWS Outage

Single points of logical failure topple even the most hardened cloud infrastructure, crippling today’s highly concentrated internet ecosystem.

Editor’s note: This article was updated on October 22 following a 48-hour review period related to the AWS outage, reflecting an upward revision of the total Downdetector user report volume from 16M+ to 17M+.

An Amazon Web Services (AWS) disruption on October 20, 2025, centered on its “US‑EAST‑1” cloud region triggered a wave of failures across consumer apps, finance, government portals and parts of Amazon’s own services. Downdetector® recorded 17M+ user reports (+970% increase on average daily baseline) and disruptions at over 3,500 companies across more than 60 countries, placing this among the largest internet outages on record for Downdetector.

Key Takeaways:

  • This outage had exceptional global reach and deep cross-sector impact. Downdetector captured 17M+ outage reports globally across 60+ countries, with the US (>6.3M) and UK (>1.5M) leading outage volumes. Services with the most reports included Snapchat (~3M), Roblox (~716k) and Amazon retail (~698k), and spanned everything from banking to gaming services.
  • Rapid cascade and phased restoration. The first outage spikes appeared around 06:50–07:00 UTC. AWS identified DNS resolution issues affecting DynamoDB endpoints in US‑EAST‑1 and reported mitigation by 09:24 UTC, with full normalization later in the day as downstream services cleared backlogs on a phased basis. Outage reports underwent a second surge in the late afternoon (UTC) as U.S. users awoke to disruptions. 
  • Not a one-off event. The outage echoes recent systemic failures, including Meta’s 2021 BGP/DNS issue, Fastly and Akamai CDN outages, the 2024 CrowdStrike update failure, the 2025 Cloudflare-AWS interconnect incident and the recent Google Cloud outage, revealing single points of failure in shared infrastructure.
  • Wake-up call for critical infrastructure. The lesson is concentration risk (or overreliance on a single point of failure). The service layer is now tightly coupled to a handful of cloud regions and managed services. The way forward is not zero failure but contained failure, achieved through multi-region designs, dependency diversity, and disciplined incident readiness, with regulatory oversight that moves toward treating the cloud as systemic components of national and economic resilience.

The “blast radius” reached far beyond Virginia, where the affected AWS US-EAST-1 is located

Downdetector captured 17M+ global user reports from 00:00 UTC on Oct 20 to 09:15 UTC on Oct 21, with 3,500+ of the companies Downdetector tracks seeing elevated disruptions and 19 still ongoing the following morning. Country volumes were led by the US (6.3M+), UK (1.5M+), Germany (774k), Netherlands (737k) and Brazil (589k). 

The heaviest‑hit services by report count included Snapchat (~3M), AWS itself (~2.5M), Roblox (~716k), Amazon retail (~698k), Reddit (~397k), Ring (~357k) and Instructure (~265k). The UK alone generated more than 1.5M reports, far exceeding a typical day’s ~1M global baseline across all markets, highlighting both the unique intensity and breadth of this event.

Analysis of sectoral outcomes in Downdetector reports reveal impacts spanned social/gaming (Snapchat, Fortnite, Roblox), finance (e.g., UK banks like Lloyds and Halifax), public services (HMRC), smart home (Ring, Alexa), and education/work tools (Instructure, Zoom). Outage peaks and troughs varied by time zone, with European volumes rising first as workplaces came online and a second lift as North America woke up later in the day:

  • ~06:49 UTC (Oct 20): First user reports and AWS status signals line up. Downdetector registered sharp spikes shortly after 06:56 UTC on US‑EAST‑1‑linked services. Within two hours of outage commencement, over 4M outage reports were submitted. 
  • ~09:24 UTC: AWS says the core fault, involving DNS resolution issues for regional DynamoDB endpoints in US‑EAST‑1, was mitigated.
  • Remainder of the day: Dependent services recovered at different speeds as retries, queues and caches drained. Major outlets tracked staged restoration through the afternoon and evening local time, with Downdetector reports surging past 6M in the U.S. as users came online.

This pattern, reflecting a relatively short underlying cloud incident based on a common denominator (AWS US-EAST-1 concentration) with longer downstream normalization, is customary when a foundational component (in this case DNS to a regional database endpoint) sits behind many higher‑level services and microservices.

Regional concentration and tight coupling of managed services amplified outage impact

The affected US‑EAST‑1 is AWS’s oldest and most heavily used hub. Regional concentration means even global apps often anchor identity, state or metadata flows there. When a regional dependency fails as was the case in this event, impacts propagate worldwide because many “global” stacks route through Virginia at some point.

Modern apps chain together managed services like storage, queues, and serverless functions. If DNS cannot reliably resolve a critical endpoint (for example, the DynamoDB API involved here), errors cascade through upstream APIs and cause visible failures in apps users do not associate with AWS. That is precisely what Downdetector recorded across Snapchat, Roblox, Signal, Ring, HMRC, and others.

Another complicating factor in this outage was authentication. Problems with DynamoDB also hit IAM (authentication), which handles sign in and permissions. Early on, some teams could not log in to the AWS console. Where teams cannot sign in to the tools that change settings, move traffic, or restart services, it is very difficult to apply fixes, so recovery slows even after core systems start to come back.

Even after the provider (AWS in this case) fully mitigated the issue, retries, timeouts and message backlogs took time to clear. Teams often throttle restarts to protect back ends, so user-visible recovery lags the provider’s green status. The afternoon and evening recovery curve observed in Downdetector reports, first in Europe and then in the U.S., matches this pattern.

Companies should plan for region failure and practise graceful slowdowns during outages

For companies dependent on these platforms, a practical response to an outage of this magnitude begins with designing for failure and assuming a whole cloud region can go down. This means not relying on a single region (e.g., US-EAST-1) for critical systems and instead running services across multiple regions (known as active-active) or keeping a lightweight standby (“pilot light”) that can be promoted quickly. For highly mission-critical services, the use of a multi-cloud setup can improve availability during provider-wide incidents, but this is not practical for many companies due to the costs of duplication and additional complexity.

Similarly, companies should plan for graceful slowdowns, not just total outages. This means using circuit breakers and feature flags to turn off non-essential features (like media uploads or recommendations) so that core flows such as sign-in, search, or checkout stay up. Practicing the act of “failing safely” is important, often achieved through running game days that simulate DNS, database, and authentication outages. Investing in measuring time to detect, time to fail over, and understanding how clear customer communications are is also important.

In real incidents like this, it is important that companies compare their own telemetry with public signals (e.g., Downdetector) to understand if the issue is provider-wide. When the facts are established, early communication with customers via status pages or in-app notifications is critical to reduce support load and protect trust.

Policymakers should treat cloud infrastructure as systemic components of national digital resilience

This outage again shows that cloud platforms are systemic infrastructure, characterized by a massive blast radius when a single point of logical failure emerges. It highlights the limitations of investing in enhancing physical resilience and redundancy alone (e.g., multi-day backup power on-site) if there is a fault elsewhere in the infrastructure stack on which everything else depends and from which failures cascade. Improving outcomes requires dismantling these single points of failure through diversification across each layer.

At a policy level, governments are starting to recognise this systemic risk and are beginning to adopt a more muscular approach to oversight. The EU’s flagship Digital Operational Resilience Act (DORA) introduces EU-level oversight of critical ICT third-party providers, while the UK’s Critical Third Parties regime does the same for finance.

Together, these policy developments aim to create a stronger toolkit, based on dependency mapping, stress tests, incident reporting discipline, and minimum post-event transparency, that will likely (and should) in time extend beyond financial services to other essential sectors (e.g., health, transport, and government). Importantly, proponents argue that adoption of these approaches would improve societal resilience without unduly micromanaging architectural choices.

For businesses, Downdetector provides access to dashboards that deliver early alerts, enable outage correlation, and allow for direct communication with users, ensuring a proactive approach to incident management. Learn how you can leverage Downdetector to be better prepared for outages, or reach out to schedule a demo.

Ookla retains ownership of this article including all of the intellectual property rights, data, content graphs and analysis. This article may not be quoted, reproduced, distributed or published for any commercial purpose without prior consent. Members of the press and others using the findings in this article for non-commercial purposes are welcome to publicly share and link to report information with attribution to Ookla.

| October 14, 2025

New Entrant Spurs a Network Reliability Race in Portugal’s Mobile Market

Portuguese/Português

Reliability-led differentiation hinges on low-band reach, mid-band density, and diversified core interconnects

Portugal’s mobile operators are on the defensive as DIGI scales its low-cost, flexible offers. With aggressive pricing across converged bundles that undercut the market by a wide margin, the Romanian disruptor is compressing margins at the value end, driving elevated churn and forcing operators to raise retention opex through cheaper flanker brands and shorter contract terms.

By choosing a rapid greenfield own-build rather than a national roaming agreement, DIGI has kept competition price-led rather than coverage-led. This has elevated network reliability as the established operators’ principal strategic moat and encouraged them to leverage their more mature infrastructure across Portugal as a core differentiator. The Iberian grid blackout earlier this year underscored the point: limited power autonomy and weak geo-redundancy in a greenfield network stack contributed to markedly poorer resilience outcomes, as revealed by first-of-its-kind analysis of background signal scans using Ookla® data.

The established operators’ are now seeking to copper-fasten their resilience and reliability credentials through heavy capital spending on network modernization, focused on diversifying spectrum use for more capable carrier aggregation, commercializing 5G Standalone (SA), and densifying the grid footprint.

To quantify how the network reliability race is unfolding in Portugal’s mobile market, we independently measured performance using RootMetrics’ controlled methodology on the latest Samsung flagship handsets. Testing in 1H 2025 covered indoor and outdoor locations across Lisbon, Porto, Madeira, the Azores, and an extensive national route. Combining walk and drive testing in high-usage areas, we covered more than 9,500 km and collected nearly 110,000 samples, including 146 indoor sites. The methodology is designed to mirror real-world network performance.

Key Takeaways:

  • MEO and Vodafone lead Portugal in network reliability. MEO prioritizes a wide, contiguous mid-band layer almost everywhere, underpinned by extensive low-band coverage. This yields the highest access and task success on the national route and the fastest call setup times in Portugal, as well as driving its Best 5G award based on Speedtest® data in 1H 2025. Vodafone, for its part, tops access latency and video task reliability in Lisbon and Porto, helped by advanced use of carrier aggregation, a deep low-band layer, and well-peered core paths.
  • NOS reaps a first-mover advantage from its expanding 5G SA footprint. The operator’s 5G SA deployments remain heavily urban-weighted, with 56% of Lisbon samples on the new core architecture versus 9% on the national route. Its strategy is to deploy 5G SA where there is dense mid-band (3.5 GHz) and carrier aggregation, and to fall back to NSA and low-band spectrum (700 MHz) elsewhere. The latency benefits of moving to the 5G core are validated by NOS’s leading video start times and access latency nationally.
  • DIGI’s network is mid-band-centric on narrow spectrum with limited carrier aggregation. The early-stage profile of the rollout is evident in its disproportionate reliance on the 2.6 GHz band and the absence of a low-band layer, which constrains coverage reach and increases handover exposure, weighing on network reliability. It does, however, deliver strong 5th percentile performance and national call setup times that are competitive with leader MEO, yet its time on 5G remains materially below the incumbents in every geography tested.
  • Regional network performance disparities persist in Portugal. Performance is poorer on Madeira and in the Azores because radio grids are sparser and rely more on low-band spectrum to span difficult terrain, so devices see fewer mid-band carriers and less carrier aggregation. Lower time on 5G leads to more frequent moves between network generations, increasing the risk of late handovers and task failures. Core breakout and peering are also less distributed, so traffic often routes via longer paths to mainland gateways, adding delay at busy times.

Network reliability challenges operators to optimize networks across RAN and core layers

MEO and Vodafone Lead in Network Reliability across Portugal
RootMetrics® | 1H 2025

To compare, in a scientifically robust way, how operators’ network investments translate into reliability in Portugal, RootMetrics’ controlled testing asks a simple question: when a user starts a task, does it complete without failing? Tens of thousands of “connect and complete” tests spanning calls, data uploads and downloads, and texts are conducted across varied routes and locations, then aggregated into a single Reliability score. The score is weighted toward data (75%), including calls (20%) and texts (5%) to reflect today’s real-world usage patterns.

Tight in cities; MEO leads Madeira, Vodafone leads Azores
RootMetrics® | 1H 2025

The methodology rewards successful starts and uninterrupted completion and penalizes blocks, drops, and timeouts. Since each test follows the full path from device to radio to core to service edge, the results reflect end-to-end robustness rather than any single parameter:

  • Call Reliability (20% overall weight):
    This measures voice connection stability. It assigns more weighting to blocking (user presses call and the network refuses or never sets it up) over dropping (the call starts but ends unexpectedly), because initial failures tend to disrupt user intent more profoundly.

    Blocking often rises during load spikes when signalling or media resources are exhausted at busy venues or during emergencies. Dropping usually increases with poor radio conditions and handover problems, for example low SINR and coverage gaps in rural areas.
  • Data Reliability (75% overall weight):
    This measures whether devices can establish a secure, usable data path (access success) and complete common transfers (task success) without stalls or timeouts. It covers both download and upload under light tasks such as webpage loads and heavier tasks such as file transfers, rewarding successful setup and uninterrupted completion and penalizing setup failures, timeouts, and mid-flow resets.

    Even in cases where users see full signal bars on their device, data reliability components like task success can decline due to factors like packet loss and TCP resets (e.g., at a busy stadium) or poor mid-transfer handover (e.g., while on a high-speed train).
  • Text Reliability: (5% overall weight):
    This measures the ability to send and receive texts consistently, both within the same operator and across operators.

    While text performance is usually robust, it can fail during incidents that span interconnect outages, misrouted numbering, spurious anti-spam filtering or queue backlogs. 

Analysis of the controlled testing data in Portugal reveals the most reliable networks consistently combine adequate mid-band capacity to keep the median user out of congestion, meaningful use of low-band spectrum to lift access and task success at the cell edge and indoors, and tight integration between core and radio layers that keeps call setup fast and access latency low.

DIGI’s greenfield buildout gathers pace as established operators focus on RAN modernization and grid densification

DIGI’s commercial launch in Portugal in November 2024 has triggered a flurry of defensive moves by the country’s established operators. Confronted with a sharp rise in churn and renewed ARPU pressure, they have pushed more aggressive retention offers and leaned on low-cost flanker brands. DIGI’s disruptive model has reset reference pricing for entry-level mobile and convergent bundles. Even where rivals have not matched the headline tariffs, their flanker brands now cluster around €8 to €15 for 100 GB tiers to compete with DIGI’s eye-catching plans from as little as €4 for 50 GB, as well as seeking to limit cannibalization of their core brands.

Analysis of ANACOM data on subscriptions and site counts show DIGI’s rise has been exceptional. By Q1 2025 it already held over 3% of mobile internet subscriptions and rolled out 2,385 5G sites. With no national roaming and no low-band spectrum, it has concentrated capex on rapid coverage, densifying urban and suburban grids to compete on performance and offset the less favourable propagation of its mid-band holdings.

Vodafone and NOS Feature Largest 5G Site Footprint in Portugal
ANACOM | Q1 2025

The maturity of the established operators’ infrastructure, and the imperative to defend their network performance moat, puts them at a very different point in the 5G investment cycle to DIGI. MEO, for example, is partway through a multi-year RAN modernization and swap to Nokia, diverting capex into replacing legacy equipment and lifting performance and energy efficiency across its footprint. 

NOS and Vodafone, which share mobile infrastructure under a MORAN arrangement (no spectrum sharing) in rural and interior areas to lower site costs and deepen rural coverage, have built leading 5G footprints after earlier, front-loaded expansion capex. NOS in particular has sought to differentiate through early 5G SA commercialization, marketing its Nokia-supplied 5G core as “5G+” and touting higher uplink speeds, lower latency, and better device battery life. MEO has since followed suit and deployed 5G SA atop its 3.5 GHz sites.

Mid-band depth and a 700 MHz underlay puts MEO at the frontier of network access and task success nationally

MEO’s relatively smaller 5G site footprint has driven a focus on efficient spectrum use over sheer volume as it ramps up site expansion (30% increase in 5G site count over the last year, the fastest rate of any operator in the period). Its balanced strategy leans on mid-band capacity with low-band for coverage extension. MEO recorded the highest share of 3.5 GHz (n78) usage in every geography in testing, operating a wide 90 MHz channel nationally. The contiguous mid-band block is the most extensively deployed in Portugal, with more than two-thirds of national route samples using it, 76-80% the islands, and 88% in Lisbon.

Map of Observed Technology Usage on the National Route, Portugal

Outside dense urban areas like Lisbon and Porto, the operator makes extensive use of the 700 MHz (n28) band as a coverage layer. Nationally, roughly one-third of 5G samples were on 5 MHz of 700 MHz, while Lisbon’s 700 MHz share fell below 10% and the islands sat between 20 and 22%. This strategy maximizes mid-band time-on-air and keeps modulation high for the median user while preserving coverage probability at the edge, which reduces access failures and video stalls.

Because its low-band channel is narrower than rivals (Vodafone and NOS use 10 MHz), its overall 5G site footprint is smaller, and its spectrum mix beyond 700 MHz and 3.5 GHz is limited, with little carrier aggregation and sparse use of 2.1 GHz, devices on MEO’s network spend less time on 5G than those on Vodafone and NOS.

MEO Leads on Call Setup Times, while Vodafone Features Lowest Call Drop Rate
RootMetrics® | 1H 2025 – National Route

Despite this, MEO co-led reliability on the national route, delivering the highest access and task success and the fastest call setup at about 1.8 seconds. Madeira showed the same pattern, with MEO leading on access and task success, best call setup, and top overall reliability. In Lisbon and Porto, MEO was neck and neck with Vodafone on access and task success, and slightly ahead on call drop rate in the capital. The takeaway is that a higher share of time on 5G (enjoyed by Vodafone and NOS thanks to a larger 5G site footprint) and greater use of carrier aggregation does not automatically translate into a more consistent network experience.

Intensive use of carrier aggregation drives spectrum diversity across Vodafone’s site footprint

By Q4 2024, Vodafone’s extensive 5G site footprint placed it alongside NOS for time spent on 5G. In the testing, 84% of Vodafone samples were based on 5G nationally, compared with 66% for MEO and 27% for DIGI. Vodafone’s network profile closely mirrors NOS’s even in passively shared urban areas outside the regions where the pair engage in active sharing, with both showing intensive use of carrier aggregation. Vodafone, unlike NOS, still lacks a 5G SA footprint.

The operator combines its contiguous 700 MHz (10 MHz) and 3.5 GHz (90 MHz) holdings through dual-carrier aggregation (2CC), creating a potent 100 MHz aggregated capacity layer. The 3.5 GHz width matches MEO’s but is 10 MHz narrower than NOS’s. Across the national route, 2CC featured in just over one fifth of 5G samples, rising to a remarkable two-thirds of all samples in Lisbon and Porto. On the islands, where the grid is sparser, testing shows that Vodafone favours a balanced split between 700 MHz and 3.5 GHz for 5G with limited use of carrier aggregation. 

Different 5G Spectrum Playbooks: Meo Prioritizes 3.5 GHz, NOS and Vodafone Leverage Carrier Aggregation
RootMetrics® | 1H 2025 (Observed Spectrum Use and Bandwidth, National Route)

Vodafone’s advanced use of 2CC lifts both peak and median performance, and it performs the strongest of all operators at the tail (5th percentile) nationally. This points to fair airtime sharing through effective resource scheduling and strong link adaptation that consistently selects the best modulation and coding, so performance at the cell edge or in busy cells holds up even when carrier aggregation is limited.

These outcomes translate into strong reliability. Vodafone jointly led overall network reliability with MEO in testing and led outright in the Azores, recording the lowest dropped call rate on the national route. In Lisbon and Porto, Vodafone delivered the best access latency and ranked first or joint first for video reliability, demonstrating that optimizations beyond deploying an SA core, such as short core paths and close CDN proximity, can drive strong results.

Early 5G SA underpins NOS’s lead in network responsiveness

The testing revealed that NOS features the most advanced network configuration in Portugal, combining a large and growing 5G SA footprint with the broadest range of carrier aggregation combinations. It also operates the largest 5G site grid, nearing 4,800 sites by Q4 2024, which put it neck and neck with Vodafone for time spent on 5G nationally at 84%.

Like Vodafone, NOS pairs a wide mid-band allocation (100 MHz at 3.5 GHz) with low-band spectrum (10 MHz at 700 MHz) and applies aggressive carrier aggregation across both NSA and SA. In Lisbon, 2CC was observed on 59% of samples, delivering the highest capacity configuration of any operator in Portugal at 110 MHz of aggregated spectrum, thanks to the wider mid-band block. On the national route, 2CC appeared in 20% of samples. Notwithstanding this, NOS showed a notably lower use of the 3.5 GHz band on the national route, at 32% of samples, compared with Vodafone at 37% and MEO at 67.6%.

Map of Observed Technology Usage in Lisbon, Portugal

NOS’s first mover advantage in 5G SA is translating into superior access responsiveness and faster video starts in cities. In Lisbon, 94% of samples were on 5G and 56% on SA, delivering the quickest video start at about 530 ms; in Porto it again posted the quickest start at about 540 ms. Outside dense areas, where SA represents only 9% of 5G usage on the national route, NOS still led these metrics, indicating disciplined core routing with clean CDN peering (traffic exiting core close to the user) and a fast, low-latency scheduler that delivers a quick first byte regardless of SA.

Low-band absence drives DIGI to maximize mid-band buildout

DIGI’s greenfield buildout has had to do more with less. Lacking 700 MHz spectrum to anchor a wide-area 5G layer, it has leaned heavily on mid-band assets, which drives more frequent 4G fallback and patchier 5G access indoors and in rural areas. In testing, only 27% of samples on the national route were on DIGI’s 5G network (and only 16% in the Azores and 21% on Madeira), rising to 48% in Lisbon, highlighting the urban skew of its initial rollout.

The operator’s mid-band 5G deployments are concentrated on relatively narrow TDD carriers rather than a single wide 3.5 GHz channel, reflecting the limits of a non-contiguous assignment. DIGI’s two 3.5 GHz carriers are separated by 40 MHz: it initially held one 40 MHz block from the 2021 award and received another from NOWO earlier this year, while Dense Air retains spectrum between them. Carrier aggregation can soften some drawbacks of a split 3.5 GHz allocation, but there remains an inherent efficiency and device support gap for NR intra-band CA versus a single wide carrier, which is less favourable from an RF engineering perspective.

NOS and Vodafone Boast Advanced Carrier Aggregation Depth in Lisbon
RootMetrics® | 1H 2025 (Observed Network Architecture Share, Lisbon)

In Lisbon, about 98% of DIGI’s 5G samples were based on a 20 MHz block of 2.6 GHz (n41) spectrum. On the national route, its mix split more evenly across 3.5 GHz (mostly a 40 MHz n78 configuration, less than half the width of other operators’ n78 assignments) and 2.6 GHz (20 MHz in each of the n38 and n41 bands). It has deployed the 3.5 GHz band more extensively in Porto than in Lisbon, with 37% of time spent on that spectrum in the former.

The nascent nature of DIGI’s greenfield buildout is reflected in its trailing peers on overall network reliability in testing, with lower network access and task success rates across all regions. While it already shows strong performance in call setup time (joint-best with MEO), poor outcomes in call drop rate (behind peers) indicate that factors such as a sparse 5G anchor and handover instability continue to pull down performance.

Conclusion: No one-size-fits-all in the race for network reliability in Portugal

The diversity in spectrum assignments (frequencies, bandwidths, and contiguity), subscriber base profiles (size, location, and traffic demand), and network investment cycles (greenfield buildout, vendor swap, or simple RAN refresh) means Portugal’s operators must pull different levers in their pursuit of competitive differentiation through network reliability. Despite these differences, all operators share an emphasis on low-band coverage for reach, mid-band capacity for depth, diverse and robust core interconnections, and strategic CDN placement

MEO and Vodafone’s lead in overall network reliability stems from distinctly different approaches, with MEO leveraging aggressive deployment of a wide 3.5 GHz block nearly everywhere, while Vodafone applies advanced carrier aggregation selectively, highlighting that no single strategy fits all in the quest for superior reliability. Likewise, NOS’s early rollout of 5G SA is enhancing latency-sensitive performance, and DIGI is delivering strong initial results in metrics like call setup time.


Novo concorrente impulsiona uma corrida à fiabilidade de rede no mercado móvel português

A diferenciação baseada na fiabilidade assenta no alcance em faixa baixa, na densidade em faixa média e em interligações diversificadas no core

Os operadores móveis em Portugal encontram-se na defensiva à medida que a DIGI expande  as suas ofertas de baixo custo e elevada flexibilidade. Com uma política de preços agressiva em pacotes convergentes que reduzem significativamente o valor médio de mercado, o operador romeno está a comprimir as margens no segmento de valor, a aumentar a rotatividade de clientes e a obrigar os operadores a reforçar os gastos operacionais de retenção através de marcas secundárias mais baratas e contratos de menor duração.

Ao optar por uma rápida construção de rede própria em vez de um acordo de roaming nacional, a DIGI manteve a concorrência centrada no preço e não na cobertura. Isso elevou a fiabilidade da rede ao estatuto de principal trunfo estratégico dos operadores estabelecidos, incentivando-os a tirar partido das suas infraestruturas mais maduras em todo o país como elemento diferenciador central. O apagão da rede ibérica ocorrido no início deste ano veio sublinhar esta realidade: a autonomia energética limitada e a fraca redundância geográfica de uma rede recém-construída contribuíram para resultados de resiliência significativamente inferiores, conforme demonstrado por uma análise inédita de varrimentos de sinal de fundo com base em dados da Ookla®.

Os operadores estabelecidos procuram agora cimentar as suas credenciais de resiliência e fiabilidade através de forte investimento de capital na modernização da rede, com foco na diversificação do uso de espectro para uma agregação de portadoras mais capaz, na comercialização do 5G Standalone (SA) e na densificação da malha de cobertura..Para quantificar como está a evoluir a corrida à fiabilidade de rede no mercado móvel português, medimos de forma independente o desempenho das redes utilizando a metodologia controlada da RootMetrics, com os mais recentes modelos topo de gama da Samsung.. Os testes realizados no primeiro semestre de 2025 abrangeram locais interiores e exteriores em Lisboa, Porto, Madeira, Açores e uma extensa rota nacional. Combinando testes em caminhada e condução em zonas de elevada utilização, cobrimos mais de 9.500 km e recolhemos cerca de 110.000 amostras, incluindo 146 locais interiores. A metodologia foi concebida para reproduzir o desempenho real das redes.

Principais conclusões:

  • A MEO e a Vodafone lideram em fiabilidade de rede em Portugal.
    A MEO privilegia uma camada de banda média ampla e contínua quase em todo o território, sustentada por uma cobertura extensiva em banda baixa. Este equilíbrio proporciona as melhores taxas de acesso e de sucesso de tarefas na rota nacional, os tempos de estabelecimento de chamadas mais rápidos do país e fundamenta o seu prémio de “Melhor 5G” com base em dados Speedtest no primeiro semestre de 2025.

    A Vodafone, por sua vez, lidera em latência de acesso e fiabilidade em tarefas de vídeo em Lisboa e no Porto, beneficiando de um uso avançado de agregação de portadoras, de uma camada profunda de banda baixa e de percursos de núcleo bem interligados.
  • A NOS colhe uma vantagem de pioneiro com a expansão da sua rede 5G SA. As implementações de 5G SA do operador permanecem fortemente concentradas em meio urbano, com 56% das amostras em Lisboa já sobre a nova arquitetura de núcleo, contra 9% na rota nacional. A estratégia passa por ativar o 5G SA  onde existe densidade de banda média (3,5 GHz) e agregação de portadoras, recorrendo ao 5G NSA e à banda baixa (700 MHz) nas restantes zonas. Os ganhos de latência decorrentes da migração para o novo núcleo são comprovados pelos melhores tempos de início de vídeo e menor latência de acesso registados pela NOS a nível nacional.
  • A rede da DIGI é centrada na banda média, com espectro limitado e agregação reduzida. O caráter inicial do seu desenvolvimento é evidente na dependência desproporcionada da faixa dos 2,6 GHz e na ausência de uma camada de banda baixa, o que restringe o alcance de cobertura e aumenta a exposição a transições entre células, penalizando a fiabilidade da rede. Ainda assim, apresenta um desempenho sólido no quinto percentil e tempos de estabelecimento de chamadas a nível nacional competitivos face à líder MEO, embora o tempo em 5G permaneça significativamente inferior ao dos operadores incumbentes em todas as geografias testadas.
  • Persistem disparidades regionais de desempenho de rede em Portugal. O desempenho é inferior na Madeira e nos Açores devido a redes rádio mais dispersas e maior dependência de espectro de banda baixa para cobrir terrenos difíceis, o que resulta em menor presença de portadoras de banda média e menos agregação. O menor tempo em 5G conduz a transições mais frequentes entre gerações de rede, aumentando o risco de falhas de transição e de tarefas. A distribuição limitada dos pontos de interligação do núcleo também implica que o tráfego seja frequentemente encaminhado por percursos mais longos até gateways no continente, o que acarreta atrasos em períodos de maior utilização.

A fiabilidade de rede obriga os operadores a otimizar as redes nas camadas RAN e Núcle

MEO and Vodafone Lead in Network Reliability across Portugal
RootMetrics® | 1H 2025

Para comparar, de forma cientificamente rigorosa, de que modo os investimentos dos operadores se traduzem em fiabilidade em Portugal, a metodologia controlada da RootMetrics coloca uma questão simples: quando o utilizador inicia uma tarefa, esta conclui-se sem falhar?

São realizados dezenas de milhares de testes “conectar e concluir”, abrangendo chamadas, transferências de dados e mensagens de texto em diferentes percursos e locais, agregados depois num único índice de Fiabilidade. Este índice atribui maior peso aos dados (75%), incluindo chamadas (20%) e mensagens (5%), refletindo os padrões de utilização atuais.

Tight in cities; MEO leads Madeira, Vodafone leads Azores
RootMetrics® | 1H 2025

A metodologia recompensa inícios bem-sucedidos e conclusões sem interrupções, penalizando bloqueios, quedas e falhas de tempo limite. Como cada teste cobre o percurso completo — do dispositivo à rádio, ao núcleo e até à extremidade do serviço —, os resultados refletem a robustez de ponta a ponta e não apenas um parâmetro isolado.

  • Fiabilidade de Chamadas (peso de 20% no total):
    Mede a estabilidade das ligações de voz, atribuindo maior peso aos bloqueios (quando o utilizador tenta ligar e a rede não responde ou não estabelece a chamada) do que às quedas (quando a chamada inicia, mas termina inesperadamente), dado que as falhas iniciais têm um impacto mais disruptivo na experiência do utilizador.

    Os bloqueios tendem a aumentar durante picos de carga, quando os recursos de sinalização ou de media se esgotam em locais muito movimentados ou durante emergências. As quedas, por sua vez, são mais frequentes em zonas com más condições rádio ou falhas de transição entre células, como em áreas rurais.
  • Fiabilidade de Dados (peso de 75% no total):
    Avalia se os dispositivos conseguem estabelecer uma ligação de dados segura e utilizável (sucesso de acesso) e concluir transferências comuns (sucesso de tarefa) sem interrupções ou falhas. Inclui tanto downloads como uploads, desde tarefas leves (carregamento de páginas) até transferências mais exigentes, recompensando a conclusão sem falhas e penalizando falhas de configuração, interrupções ou reinícios.

    Mesmo quando os utilizadores veem barras de sinal completas, a fiabilidade pode degradar-se devido a perda de pacotes ou reinícios de TCP (por exemplo, num estádio cheio) ou a falhas de transição durante transferências em movimento (como em comboios de alta velocidade).
  • Fiabilidade de SMS (peso de 5% no total):
    Mede a capacidade de enviar e receber mensagens de texto de forma consistente, tanto dentro da mesma rede como entre operadores diferentes.

    Embora o desempenho neste indicador seja geralmente robusto, podem ocorrer falhas em casos de interrupções de interligação, erros de encaminhamento numérico, filtros anti-spam indevidos ou congestionamento de filas.

A análise dos dados de testes controlados em Portugal revela que as redes mais fiáveis combinam, de forma consistente, capacidade adequada em banda média para evitar congestionamentos, utilização significativa de espectro de banda baixa para melhorar o acesso e o sucesso de tarefas nas extremidades de célula e em interiores, e integração apertada entre as camadas núcleo e rádio, garantindo tempos rápidos de estabelecimento de chamadas e latência reduzida no acesso.

A expansão da rede própria da DIGI ganha ritmo enquanto os operadores estabelecidos apostam na modernização da RAN e na densificação da rede

O lançamento comercial da DIGI em Portugal, em novembro de 2024, desencadeou uma série de movimentos defensivos por parte dos operadores móveis estabelecidos. Perante um aumento acentuado da rotatividade de clientes e uma renovada pressão sobre o ARPU, estes responderam com ofertas de retenção mais agressivas e maior dependência de marcas secundárias de baixo custo. O modelo disruptivo da DIGI redefiniu a referência de preços para os pacotes móveis e convergentes de entrada. Mesmo onde os concorrentes não igualaram as tarifas de destaque, as suas marcas flanqueadoras posicionam-se agora entre os 8 e 15 euros para planos de 100 GB, de modo a competir com as propostas atrativas da DIGI — que começam nos 4 euros por 50 GB —, procurando simultaneamente limitar a canibalização das suas marcas principais.

A análise dos dados da ANACOM sobre assinaturas e número de sites mostra que a ascensão da DIGI tem sido excecional. No primeiro trimestre de 2025, já detinha mais de 3% das subscrições de internet móvel e havia implantado 2.385 sites 5G. Sem roaming nacional e sem espectro em banda baixa, concentrou o investimento de capital em cobertura rápida, densificando as redes urbanas e suburbanas para competir em desempenho e compensar a menor propagação das suas frequências em banda média.

Vodafone and NOS Feature Largest 5G Site Footprint in Portugal
ANACOM | Q1 2025

A maturidade das infraestruturas dos operadores estabelecidos e a necessidade de defenderem a sua vantagem em desempenho de rede colocam-nos numa fase muito distinta do ciclo de investimento em 5G face à DIGI. A MEO, por exemplo, encontra-se a meio de um processo plurianual de modernização da RAN e de substituição de equipamentos pela Nokia, canalizando investimentos para a atualização tecnológica e a melhoria da eficiência energética em toda a sua rede.

A NOS e a Vodafone, que partilham infraestrutura móvel sob um acordo MORAN (sem partilha de espectro) em áreas rurais e do interior para reduzir custos e reforçar a cobertura, consolidaram as maiores redes 5G após um investimento inicial intensivo. A NOS, em particular, procurou diferenciar-se através da comercialização antecipada do 5G Standalone (SA), promovendo o seu núcleo 5G fornecido pela Nokia sob a designação “5G+”, destacando velocidades de upload mais elevadas, menor latência e maior autonomia de bateria nos dispositivos. A MEO seguiu o mesmo caminho e implementou igualmente o 5G SA nas suas antenas de 3,5 GHz.

Densidade de cobertura de banda média e utilização da banda dos 700 MHz colocam a MEO na linha da frente do acesso e sucesso de operações

A NOS e a Vodafone, que partilham infraestrutura móvel sob um acordo MORAN (sem partilha de espectro) em áreas rurais e do interior para reduzir custos e reforçar a cobertura, consolidaram as maiores redes 5G após um investimento inicial intensivo. A NOS, em particular, procurou diferenciar-se através da comercialização antecipada do 5G Standalone (SA), promovendo o seu núcleo 5G fornecido pela Nokia sob a designação “5G+”, destacando velocidades de upload mais elevadas, menor latência e maior autonomia de bateria nos dispositivos. A MEO seguiu o mesmo caminho e implementou igualmente o 5G SA nas suas antenas de 3,5 GHz.

A menor dimensão da rede 5G da MEO tem levado a uma aposta na eficiência no uso do espectro, em vez do número de sites, ao mesmo tempo em que acelera a expansão (aumento de 30% no número de sites 5G no último ano, o crescimento mais rápido entre os operadores). A estratégia equilibrada assenta em capacidade em banda média e cobertura em banda baixa.

A MEO registou a maior utilização da faixa dos 3,5 GHz (n78) em todas as geografias testadas, operando um canal contínuo de 90 MHz a nível nacional. Este bloco de banda média é o mais amplamente implementado em Portugal: mais de dois terços das amostras da rota nacional recorreram a ele, 76–80% nas ilhas e 88% em Lisboa.

Map of Observed Technology Usage on the National Route, Portugal

Fora dos grandes centros urbanos como Lisboa e Porto, a MEO faz uso extensivo da banda 700 MHz (n28) como camada de cobertura. A nível nacional, cerca de um terço das amostras 5G foram captadas em 5 MHz dos 700 MHz, enquanto em Lisboa a percentagem caiu para menos de 10% e nas ilhas situou-se entre 20% e 22%. Esta estratégia maximiza o tempo de utilização da banda média e mantém alta a modulação para o utilizador médio, preservando simultaneamente a probabilidade de cobertura nas extremidades das células, o que reduz falhas de acesso e interrupções em vídeo.

Por dispor de um canal de banda baixa mais estreito que o dos rivais (a Vodafone e a NOS utilizam 10 MHz), e de uma pegada 5G mais pequena e menos diversidade espectral além dos 700 MHz e 3,5 GHz, com pouca agregação de portadoras e uso limitado dos 2,1 GHz, os dispositivos na rede da MEO passam menos tempo em 5G do que nas redes da Vodafone e da NOS.

MEO Leads on Call Setup Times, while Vodafone Features Lowest Call Drop Rate
RootMetrics® | 1H 2025 – National Route

Apesar disso, a MEO partilhou a liderança de fiabilidade na rota nacional, apresentando os melhores resultados de acesso e sucesso de tarefas e o tempo de estabelecimento de chamadas mais rápido, cerca de 1,8 segundos. Na Madeira, verificou-se o mesmo padrão: liderança em acesso e sucesso de tarefas, melhor tempo de chamada e fiabilidade global superior. Em Lisboa e no Porto, a MEO esteve lado a lado com a Vodafone em acesso e sucesso de serviços ficou ligeiramente à frente na taxa de quedas de chamadas na capital. A conclusão: uma maior percentagem de tempo em 5G — como acontece com a Vodafone e a NOS — e maior uso de agregação de portadoras não se traduzem automaticamente numa experiência de rede mais consistente.

Uso intensivo de agregação de portadoras amplia a diversidade espectral na rede da Vodafone

No quarto trimestre de 2024, a ampla rede 5G da Vodafone colocou-a ao nível da NOS em termos de tempo em 5G. Nos testes, 84% das amostras da Vodafone basearam-se em 5G a nível nacional, face a 66% da MEO e 27% da DIGI. O perfil da rede da Vodafone espelha o da NOS, mesmo em áreas urbanas partilhadas passivamente, com ambas a demonstrarem um uso intensivo de agregação de portadoras (CA). A Vodafone, ao contrário da NOS, ainda não possui rede 5G SA.

A operadora combina as suas faixas contíguas de 700 MHz (10 MHz) e 3,5 GHz (90 MHz) através de agregação dupla (2CC), criando uma camada agregada de 100 MHz de capacidade. A largura dos 3,5 GHz é idêntica à da MEO e 10 MHz inferior à da NOS. Na rota nacional, a agregação 2CC foi observada em pouco mais de 20% das amostras 5G, subindo para dois terços das amostras em Lisboa e Porto. Nas ilhas, onde a rede é mais dispersa, os testes mostram uma divisão equilibrada entre 700 MHz e 3,5 GHz, com uso limitado de CA.

Different 5G Spectrum Playbooks: Meo Prioritizes 3.5 GHz, NOS and Vodafone Leverage Carrier Aggregation
RootMetrics® | 1H 2025 (Observed Spectrum Use and Bandwidth, National Route)

O uso avançado de agregação pela Vodafone eleva o desempenho tanto de pico como mediano, revelando o melhor desempenho no percentil 5 nacional. Isto reflete partilha eficiente de recursos e forte adaptação de ligação, com seleção otimizada de modulação e codificação, permitindo manter o desempenho nas extremidades das células e em áreas de maior tráfego, mesmo com agregação limitada.

Estes resultados traduzem-se em elevada fiabilidade. A Vodafone co-liderou a fiabilidade global da rede com a MEO e liderou isoladamente nos Açores, registando a menor taxa de chamadas caídas na rota nacional. Em Lisboa e Porto, apresentou a melhor latência de acesso e liderou ou partilhou a liderança em fiabilidade de vídeo, demonstrando que otimizações além da adoção do núcleo SA, como rotas curtas no core e proximidade de CDNs, podem gerar excelentes resultados.

A vantagem de pioneirismo da NOS no 5G SA reforça a capacidade de resposta da rede

Os testes revelaram que a NOS dispõe da configuração de rede mais avançada em Portugal, combinando uma extensa rede 5G SA com a maior variedade de combinações de agregação de portadoras. Opera igualmente a maior rede de sites 5G, com cerca de 4.800 locais no final de 2024, o que a colocou ao nível da Vodafone em tempo passado em 5G (84% a nível nacional).

Tal como a Vodafone, a NOS combina uma largura de banda média de 100 MHz (3,5 GHz) com 10 MHz em 700 MHz, aplicando agregação agressiva tanto em NSA como em SA. Em Lisboa, a agregação 2CC foi observada em 59% das amostras, oferecendo a maior capacidade agregada do país (110 MHz), graças ao bloco de banda média mais amplo. Na rota nacional, 2CC surgiu em 20% das amostras. Ainda assim, a NOS registou uma utilização mais baixa da banda de 3,5 GHz na rota nacional (32% das amostras) face à Vodafone (37%) e à MEO (67,6%).

Map of Observed Technology Usage in Lisbon, Portugal

A vantagem de pioneirismo da NOS no 5G SA está a traduzir-se em maior capacidade de resposta e em início de vídeo mais rápido nas cidades. Em Lisboa, 94% das amostras estavam em 5G e 56% em SA, com início de vídeo em cerca de 530 ms; no Porto, voltou a liderar, com 540 ms. Fora das zonas densas, onde o SA representa apenas 9% do uso de 5G na rota nacional, a NOS manteve a liderança nestas métricas, demonstrando roteamento eficiente no núcleo, interligação otimizada com CDNs (tráfego sai do core próximo do utilizador) e agendamento rápido e de baixa latência, garantindo resposta imediata independentemente do tipo de core.

A ausência de banda baixa leva a DIGI a maximizar a construção em banda média

A expansão da rede própria da DIGI tem sido feita com menos recursos. Sem espectro de 700 MHz para suportar uma camada 5G de grande alcance, a operadora apostou fortemente nas bandas médias, o que resulta em recuos mais frequentes para 4G e acesso 5G irregular em interiores e zonas rurais. Nos testes, apenas 27% das amostras na rota nacional estavam em 5G da DIGI (e apenas 16% nos Açores e 21% na Madeira), subindo para 48% em Lisboa, o que evidencia o carácter urbano da sua implementação inicial.

As implementações 5G da DIGI concentram-se em portadoras TDD relativamente estreitas, e não num canal único e largo em 3,5 GHz, refletindo as limitações de um licenciamento descontínuo. As duas portadoras de 3,5 GHz da DIGI estão separadas por 40 MHz: uma atribuída no leilão de 2021 e outra obtida à NOWO no início deste ano, enquanto a Dense Air mantém o espectro intermédio. A agregação de portadoras pode atenuar algumas desvantagens desta configuração dividida, mas subsiste uma lacuna de eficiência e de suporte de dispositivos face a uma portadora única mais larga, menos favorável do ponto de vista de engenharia de rádio.

NOS and Vodafone Boast Advanced Carrier Aggregation Depth in Lisbon
RootMetrics® | 1H 2025 (Observed Network Architecture Share, Lisbon)

Em Lisboa, 98% das amostras 5G da DIGI basearam-se num bloco de 20 MHz em 2,6 GHz (n41). Na rota nacional, a utilização dividiu-se de forma mais equilibrada entre 3,5 GHz (n78) — maioritariamente blocos de 40 MHz, menos de metade da largura dos concorrentes — e 2,6 GHz (n38/n41), com 20 MHz cada. A DIGI utilizou a faixa de 3,5 GHz mais extensivamente no Porto (37%) do que em Lisboa.

A natureza incipiente da rede própria da DIGI se reflete no desempenho inferior em termos de fiabilidade global, com menores taxas de acesso e de sucesso de tarefas em todas as regiões. Embora já demonstre bons resultados em tempos de estabelecimento de chamada (empatando com a MEO), as piores taxas de queda de chamadas indicam que fatores como rede 5G pouco densa e instabilidade nas transições continuam a afetar o desempenho.

Conclusão: Não existe uma solução única na corrida pela fiabilidade de rede em Portugal

A diversidade nas atribuições de espectro (frequências, larguras e contiguidade), nos perfis de clientes (dimensão, localização e procura de tráfego) e nos ciclos de investimento de rede (expansão inicial, substituição de fornecedor ou simples atualização da RAN) implica que os operadores portugueses precisam de estratégias diferenciadas para competir por meio da fiabilidade.

Apesar destas diferenças, todos partilham ênfase na cobertura em banda baixa para alcance, na capacidade em banda média para profundidade, nas interligações robustas no núcleo da rede e no posicionamento estratégico de CDNs.

A liderança da MEO e da Vodafone em fiabilidade global assenta em abordagens distintas: a MEO aposta na implantação agressiva de um bloco largo de 3,5 GHz, enquanto a Vodafone aplica agregação avançada de forma seletiva, o que prova que não existe uma estratégia única para alcançar fiabilidade superior. Da mesma forma, a NOS, com o seu desdobramentoprecoce do 5G SA, está a melhorar o desempenho em métricas sensíveis à latência, e a DIGI já alcança resultados promissores no tempo de estabelecimentode chamada.

Ookla retains ownership of this article including all of the intellectual property rights, data, content graphs and analysis. This article may not be quoted, reproduced, distributed or published for any commercial purpose without prior consent. Members of the press and others using the findings in this article for non-commercial purposes are welcome to publicly share and link to report information with attribution to Ookla.

| October 7, 2025

Fast Trains, Slow Wi-Fi: The Reality of Onboard Connectivity in Europe and Asia

Market-led fragmentation has left rail passengers with wildly uneven Wi-Fi experiences across different countries.

Europe and Asia’s rail networks, long heralded as a backbone of economic competitiveness, are now judged not only on punctuality and comfort but on the quality of the digital experience onboard. High-quality train Wi-Fi has shifted from nice-to-have to essential rail infrastructure. Commuters expect a home broadband-like experience for streaming, work calls and gaming while crossing the Swiss Alps or skirting Mount Fuji.

Where countries treat train connectivity as rail infrastructure and pair onboard Wi-Fi with rail-specific infrastructure (trackside, LEO satellite or both), everyday outcomes improve measurably for passengers. This study is the first of its kind to use crowdsourced Ookla Speedtest® data to benchmark country-level train Wi-Fi performance across Europe and Asia.

Key Takeaways:

  • The gap separating Europe’s best and worst is startling. In Q2 2025, Sweden set the pace for train Wi-Fi in Europe with a 64.58 Mbps median download, followed by Switzerland (29.79 Mbps) and Ireland (26.33 Mbps). Laggards like Spain (1.45 Mbps), the UK (1.09 Mbps) and the Netherlands (0.41 Mbps) featured the poorest outcomes, with download speeds as much as 158 times slower than top-performing Sweden.
  • Legacy Wi-Fi tech drags many rail networks. Across the European markets studied, nearly two in five connections still run on Wi-Fi 4 (a standard dating to 2009), and ~22% use the lower-capacity, more congestion- and interference-prone 2.4 GHz band. The UK still sees over half of all rail connections on Wi-Fi 4, with 38% on 2.4 GHz. In Poland, rail connections remain almost entirely on Wi-Fi 4 and the 2.4 GHz band. 
  • Band and Wi-Fi gen matter, but backhaul is the real bottleneck. Within-country comparisons show substantial uplifts for 5 GHz vs 2.4 GHz (e.g., +328% in Germany) and Wi-Fi 5 vs Wi-Fi 4 (e.g., +241% in Germany). Yet countries that feature a more modern Wi-Fi mix and thus drive greater use of the 5 GHz band, like Spain and Italy, can still underperform on speeds. This demonstrates that backhaul (i.e., the connection between the train’s roof antennas and the public mobile networks), not just cabin Wi-Fi, is the dominant driver of performance.
  • Asian rail networks feature modern Wi-Fi mix and lower latency but are not always faster. Taiwan posted the lowest latency and the only material Wi-Fi 6 share (~20%), while Japan and South Korea showed virtually no legacy Wi-Fi 4 or 2.4 GHz usage. Across Asia, typical median download speeds (6-8 Mbps) cluster below Europe’s leaders but above its laggards, reflecting different policy approaches (i.e., greater emphasis on cellular than Wi-Fi).
  • Policy fingerprints are unmistakable and outweigh topographic and demographic factors. When governments and operators treat mobile networks as core rail infrastructure, and invest in dedicated trackside systems, higher-order MIMO with multi-operator bonded train-mounted antennas, and RF-permeable rolling-stock window retrofits, outcomes improve dramatically.

Fragmented Wi-Fi outcomes reflect different policy attitudes across Europe and Asia

Sweden and Switzerland lead the frontier, puncturing the premise that terrain is destiny

Analysis of Speedtest Intelligence® data reveals Europe’s train Wi-Fi experience is split between a performance frontier and a long tail, with a distribution that resembles two radically different market contexts. Sweden led the continent in Q2 2025 with a median download speed of 64.58 Mbps, more than four times Europe’s country-level median (7.59 Mbps) and over 150 times the Netherlands (0.41 Mbps). This lead extended to upload performance, with Sweden delivering uploads (54.95 Mbps) more than twice as fast as the next fastest country.

It was not always this way. From Q1 2022 to Q1 2024, Wi-Fi performance on Sweden’s train networks was flat at ~2 Mbps down and ~0.7–1.9 Mbps up, placing it in the bottom half of European countries. In Q2 2024, however, there was a clear structural break in the trend, with speeds jumping sharply and continuing to rise through Q1 2025. In practical terms, this means Swedish rail users have moved from a constrained Wi-Fi experience (where even video access was marginal) to a level that supports multi-user carriages with HD streaming and smoother video conferencing.

Sweden Delivers the Fastest Wi-Fi on European Trains by a Wide Margin
Speedtest Intelligence® | Q2 2025

Sweden’s strong performance in mobile coverage along rail corridors has emerged despite challenging conditions, such as long, sparse tracks in the northern regions that face severe winter weather. This success stems from a pragmatic, modular policy framework that delivers targeted state aid where market failures are most evident. For instance, in 2022, the Swedish telecoms regulator PTS allocated €2 million to Telia and Net4Mobility for installing passive, operator-neutral infrastructure in select tunnels. Additionally, rail-specific coverage and capacity obligations were integrated into the 2023 spectrum auction for the 900/2100/2600 MHz bands, setting performance targets to boost capacity on mainlines using the 2100 and 2600 MHz bands while adding new sites for 900 MHz coverage.

In 2023, the Swedish government and PTS proposed that the rail infrastructure operator open access to mobile sites, fibre and power along rights-of-way. It also mandated mapping tunnel coverage, which identified 45 tunnels longer than 300 meters still lacking mobile service, along with developing a comprehensive cost plan. The assessment revealed 630 km of track falling below a 10 Mbps threshold (with a 16 dB margin), prompting efforts to address these gaps through the tunnel support initiatives and rail coverage obligations.

While eclipsed by Sweden for the first time in recent quarters and undergoing a decline in competitiveness, Swiss trains continue to be state of the art in terms of onboard connectivity, delivering median download speeds of 29.79 Mbps in Q2 2025 (albeit down significantly from 85.31 Mbps in Q1 2023, likely reflecting architectural changes or additional congestion). Like Sweden, it represents an exemplary engineering feat for a country characterized by extremely difficult terrain, with Swiss rail operator SBB’s network piercing the Alps with steep approaches, tight valleys, long tunnels, high viaducts and avalanche and rockfall zones.

Northern and Central European Rail Networks Perform Strongest on Wi-Fi Upload Speeds Too
Speedtest Intelligence® | Q2 2025

The Swiss model for onboard connectivity differs markedly from most countries. While SBB offers public Wi-Fi on cross-border services (reflecting the data shared here) and at stations, domestic trains rely primarily on zero-rated mobile data via “SBB FreeSurf” rather than universal onboard Wi-Fi. FreeSurf requires a Swiss SIM and the SBB FreeSurf app; once on board, Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) beacons in the carriage recognize the device and flag the journey segment, allowing traffic to flow over the public mobile networks without debiting the passenger’s data allowance. SBB then settles the associated data usage with participating mobile operators, effectively subsidizing onboard connectivity.

This model sidesteps the shared onboard Wi-Fi bottleneck and the operating expense of repeaters and cellular backhaul, allowing rail and mobile operators to channel capital into a high-quality radio layer along rail corridors. Its critical limitation is access, however, as onboard connectivity effectively extends only to devices and users with a Swiss-issued SIM, constraining tourists and many business travelers.

Beyond Sweden and Switzerland, other countries that performed well above the European average for download speeds last quarter included Ireland (26.33 Mbps), Czechia (23.36 Mbps) and France (19.12 Mbps). Ireland also recorded the lowest latency of any European country in the period at 40 ms. That strong outcome, despite a disproportionately rural geography, is likely aided by legacy diesel rolling stock. With virtually no electrification and trains operating at lower speeds than many networks on the continent, cellular handovers occur less frequently, which can make better RF outcomes easier to achieve. 

Outside Central and Northern Europe, train Wi-Fi slows to a crawl

The performance delta between leading countries and laggards like Spain, the Netherlands and the UK was stark in Q2 2025 and has continued to widen over time. Median download speeds in these countries were as much as 158 times slower than in Sweden in Q2 2025, meaning the average rail passenger connected to a Wi-Fi network in these countries suffers a very poor quality of experience in basic applications like video streaming.

Train Wi-Fi Remains Stuck Firmly in the Slow Lane Across Most European Countries
Speedtest Intelligence® | Q1 2023 – Q2 2025

The UK’s underperformance is not a single-cause issue but the result of weaknesses across multiple layers. At the cabin level, over half of connections still run on Wi-Fi 4, and 38% of samples used the 2.4 GHz band in Q2 2025. This continued reliance on legacy Wi-Fi and the interference-prone, capacity-limited 2.4 GHz band constrains performance regardless of cellular backhaul quality. 

Compared with several European peers that organize rail under a single state holding or a clearly empowered state infrastructure manager, the UK has historically split responsibility for stations, services and rolling stock across multiple entities, which complicates collaboration with mobile operators. This friction is easing as GBR reforms bring passenger operations under public control and simplify coordination with state-owned Network Rail. Even so, performance remains weak, reflecting the UK mobile market’s lagging position in network quality (57th globally in the latest Speedtest Global Index™) and the reliance on patchy, incidental public mobile coverage for cellular backhaul.

Newer Wi-Fi Standards Deliver Substantial Speed Gains on Germany's Rail Networks
Speedtest Intelligence® | Q2 2025

The Netherlands’ poor train Wi-Fi performance is striking given it ranks in the global top 15 for mobile network quality over the same period, with favorable terrain and high urbanization that enables low-cost coverage along rail corridors. The gap reflects under-investment in the onboard Wi-Fi layer: virtually all connections still use Wi-Fi 4, and usage is very low and has collapsed as passengers shift to their own 5G connections. Dutch rail operator NS has reportedly floated ending the Wi-Fi service if the ministry waives the concession requirement.

Cellular takes precedence over Wi-Fi onboard leading Asian rail networks

Policy muscle in South Korea, Japan and Taiwan has prioritized dedicated trackside cellular coverage, with public Wi-Fi treated more as an amenity than a core service and most passengers relying on their own 4G/5G connections onboard (as in the Netherlands and Switzerland). Even so, rail operators still provide Wi-Fi across much of their rolling stock, and deployments are generally more modern than in Europe.

Wi-Fi 5 and the 5 GHz band are widespread in Japan and South Korea (>90% sample share) on rail networks, with little of the legacy burden seen in countries like the UK or Poland, and Taiwan already features a meaningful and growing share of Wi-Fi 6 (about 20% in Q2 2025) despite still featuring some Wi-Fi 4 (30% sample share). 

Taiwan Leads on Latency on the Tracks, Providing a Superior Experience in Interactive Applications
Speedtest Intelligence® | Q2 2025

While none of the studied Asian countries competed at the level of the best European performers in terms of speeds on train Wi-Fi in Q2 2025, each performed well above the long tail of laggards in Europe and close to the average. Taiwan led the pack with median download speeds of 8.1 Mbps in Q2 2025, followed by South Korea (7.11 Mbps) and Japan (6.89 Mbps). The same ranking pattern was observed for upload speeds.

Taiwan delivered the lowest latency of any country in the same period (13 ms), with median response significantly below South Korea (62 ms) and Japan (83 ms). 

Rail networks pose one of the most daunting engineering challenges for high-quality Wi-Fi

Rail operators view onboard connectivity as a lever for revenue, loyalty and operations, while policymakers increasingly frame it as part of the digital backbone of national transport systems. The engineering reality is harsher: a train carriage is a metal Faraday cage moving through tunnels, cuttings and rural not-spots, where cellular handovers are frequent and fragile. Best-effort aggregation of public 4G and 5G networks rarely delivers the capacity, stability and latency modern use cases demand.

Delivering a home broadband-like experience on the tracks requires tight coordination across multiple infrastructure layers managed by different entities, typically split into train-to-ground backhaul (via cellular and/or satellite) and on-train distribution systems (via Wi-Fi). 

Backhaul still mostly relies on incidental mobile network coverage

The prevailing approach, still used in the vast majority of European countries, relies on wireless backhaul that piggybacks on “incidental” public mobile coverage, feeding dedicated external antennas on each carriage. Because this coverage is incidental, the mobile site grid is usually optimized for nearby population centers rather than the rail corridor itself, creating frequent not-spots and forcing fallback to lower-frequency spectrum with less bandwidth and capacity at cell edges.

Modern Wi-Fi Equipment But Poor Speeds in Countries like Taiwan Indicates Backhaul Problems
Speedtest Intelligence® | Q1 2023 – Q2 2025



On the train itself, regardless of the backhaul feeding the roof-mounted antennas, multi-SIM gateways bond signals from public mobile networks (and, increasingly, LEO providers such as Starlink) and feed an Ethernet backbone to multiple Wi-Fi access points per carriage. Greater bonding diversity across public mobile networks (i.e., using operators with independent infrastructure, not actively shared RAN) typically improves outcomes, since connections can switch dynamically as signal conditions vary. That diversity also adds cost, meaning some rail operators choose a single-network arrangement to contain spend at the expense of performance.

The train carriage itself has become a signal attenuator

The use of external antennas for backhaul is specifically intended to mitigate the fact that rail carriages themselves have become a significant signal attenuator and Faraday cage (and means onboard Wi-Fi can play a complementary role in mitigating against signal loss suffered by 4G and 5G signals on user devices). Modern rolling stock often uses low-E glass with metalized coatings (inducing more signal loss than a layer of concrete in many cases) and foil-backed insulation to reduce heat loss and act as an acoustic barrier. The impact of these RF-hostile designs is compounded at speed, when frequent cell handovers, the Doppler effect, cuttings and tunnels can create jitter (variance in latency over time) and signal dropouts.

Inside the train, crowding adds “body loss” and concentrates hundreds of users onto whatever backhaul is available. This also strains the onboard Wi-Fi, a shared medium whose performance depends on access point placement, channel planning, per-car Ethernet backhaul, and QoS or fair-use policies that may aggressively shape traffic and artificially depress performance.

Leading countries are mobilizing a diverse policy toolkit to deliver better outcomes

Dedicated trackside deployments are needed to tackle cellular not-spots

While cost-effective, leading countries are moving away from the incidental coverage model and converging on dedicated trackside deployments, fostering tighter collaboration between mobile and rail operators to deliver better outcomes. Purpose-built radios along the rail right-of-way, with close inter-site spacing and engineered tunnel coverage using leaky feeders and small cells, allow capacity to scale with corridor demand rather than the surrounding macro grid.

In France, for example, a dedicated trackside layer was introduced on flagship corridors beginning with Paris/Lyon. Orange won an SNCF-run tender to build the network (known as NET.SNCF). Site spacing of ~2–3 km was initially targeted, including the implementation of antenna downtilt and clutter management in cuttings and tunnels, to cater to a TGV (French high-speed train) traveling at 300 km/h handing over base stations as frequent as every 15 seconds. 

Notwithstanding the poor performance observed in this study, Austria has employed a similar state-orchestrated, co-funded program since 2015. It has deployed hundreds of mobile sites across 1,500 km of track, initially targeting trackside 4G sites roughly every 5 km and DAS/leaky-feeder systems in tunnels, delivered through a mixture of new-build sites and co-location on existing rail operator ÖBB assets such as GSM-R masts and catenary masts (used to support the overhead electric wires).

Adoption of Higher Wi-Fi Bands Like 5 GHz and 6 GHz Can Improve Performance in Crowded Trains
Speedtest Intelligence® | Q2 2025

Austria’s interventions are based on three-way governance, with ÖBB as the corridor owner and project integrator, mobile operators funding and operating the networks, and the Ministry co-funding and setting expectations via the Rahmenplan (the federal financing instrument that underwrites rail infrastructure programmes in Austria).

In Asia, meanwhile, the Japanese government has subsidized cellular extensions into tunnel segments through a “Radio Shadow Countermeasure Program” with dedicated DAS/relay installations. This means all Shinkansen tunnels have been covered with mobile coverage across NTT Docomo, KDDI and SoftBank since 2020.

Rolling stock retrofits focus on making modern glass less like a layer of concrete

Maximizing returns on dedicated trackside investment means treating the rolling stock as part of the policy toolkit too. Upgrades to the external train-to-ground path focus on multi-band 4×4 (and higher) MIMO and adopting active rooftop antennas powered over Ethernet (PoE). By moving filters and radio components into the antenna radome, operators can avoid long RF coax runs and cut signal losses. Germany’s Deutsche Bahn, for example, used its “advanced TrainLab” program to test and compare rooftop antenna carriers and component combinations, and has since signed a turnkey retrofit and new-build contract with HUBER+SUHNER and McLaren Applied for active PoE rooftop antennas as part of its fleet modernization.

To cut reliance on on-board repeaters and reduce signal attenuation in cellular-based systems (e.g., Switzerland’s SBB FreeSurf) where Wi-Fi is not used, operators have turned to window-replacement programs using laser-treated, RF-permeable low-E glass. Research by EPFL, Swisscom and SUPSI found such windows to be “as good as ordinary glass” for mobile signal, mitigating the 20–30 dB losses recorded by the UK Department for Transport in testing.

Over the last two years, Germany’s Deutsche Bahn announced the laser treatment of 70,000 windows across 3,300 ICE/IC cars (at a cost of €50 million, US$58.7M) and began regional retrofits, following the 2020 decision to equip new high-speed ICE rolling stock with RF-permeable glass as standard. Belgium has pursued a similar policy, abandoning a national on-train Wi-Fi rollout (projected to cost €173 million (US$203M) upfront and €13 million (US $15.3M) in annual operating costs) and redirecting €40 million (US$47M) to alter window coatings and prompt passengers to rely only on their cellular subscriptions while on board.

LEO satellite is emerging as a complement to cellular backhaul for trains

The appeal of low Earth orbit (LEO) for rail operators is increasingly clear. It can add coverage resilience when bonded with cellular on rural, coastal and non-electrified corridors where dedicated trackside and macro layers are thin. LEO’s markedly lower latency and strong burst capacity relative to legacy GEO systems used by many rail operators enables step-change improvements in the onboard passenger Wi-Fi experience and supports operational uses such as CCTV backhaul.

Notwithstanding the opportunity, the constraints of LEO solutions in a rail context are just as real. Hardware maturity still lags aviation and maritime, with far fewer rail-certified, low-profile roof-mount terminals that combine ingress protection, shock and vibration resilience and compliance with EN rail standards, which limits scale for now. Other barriers include sky-view limitations in tunnels and deep cuttings, the operating cost of LEO backhaul for high-demand Wi-Fi unless traffic is shaped and offloaded to cellular, and roof space, power and EMC (electromagnetic compatibility) trade-offs on legacy rolling stock.

Recent commercial and policy developments point to a hybrid end state for LEO on trains, rather than a full replacement for cellular backhaul. Momentum is building in Europe through targeted route trials, limited fit-outs and active procurements, with noticeably less activity in Asia so far. SpaceX’s Starlink and Eutelsat’s OneWeb are the primary LEO constellations in the rail segment, both now in live trials with integrators such as Icomera and CGI, following successful deployments across other transport modes like aviation. 

ScotRail, backed by the Scottish Government, has been an early mover with a six-month Starlink pilot on rural northern routes, targeting enhanced passenger Wi-Fi, GPS tracking and live CCTV. In France, SNCF has launched a national tender to equip the fleet with hybrid satellite and terrestrial cellular backhaul, with Eutelsat OneWeb signalling its intent to bid. Italy has ministry-sponsored LEO trials on the Rome to Milan corridor with Trenitalia. PKP Intercity in Poland, České dráhy in Czechia and LTG Link in Lithuania have also tested Starlink terminals to lift onboard Wi-Fi performance.

Policy is converging on using LEO as an additive layer within a multi-link software-defined wide area network ( SD-WAN) gateway onboard that also bonds multiple independent terrestrial cellular networks. In the near term, rail operators will prioritise the corridors with the highest return on investment, need to engineer antenna diversity onboard (for example, two spaced flat-panel terminals to improve link availability through slews, curves and partial obstructions) and issue RFPs that preserve multi-orbit and multi-provider choice with rail-grade certifications for LEO terminals.

Rail connectivity is undergoing a renaissance as satellite and dedicated 5G networks for rail converge

Alongside investments in LEO solutions, rail operators in developed markets are preparing to migrate from legacy GSM-R to Future Railway Mobile Communications System (FRMCS), a 5G-based railway communications standard defined by 3GPP for mission-critical rail. The shift is capital intensive but delivers a dedicated, private 5G trackside network for safety-critical functions such as driver-to-signaler voice, ETCS train control data, remote monitoring and control of trackside assets and live operational and security video.

In Europe, deployments are planned (into the 2030s) primarily in the 900 MHz band with an additional 1.9 GHz capacity layer, and the system will incorporate mission-critical push-to-talk, strict quality of service and, in time, network slicing. While FRMCS focuses on operational communications rather than passenger Wi-Fi or public cellular, the trackside densification it drives is likely to lift the baseline for onboard Wi-Fi by delivering a stronger, more contiguous cellular backhaul layer for bonding.

Together with more capable roof-mounted antennas, RF-permeable window retrofits and Wi-Fi 6E/7 upgrades, these interventions give lagging countries a clear set of levers to lift passenger Wi-Fi performance on board over the coming years. 

Ookla retains ownership of this article including all of the intellectual property rights, data, content graphs and analysis. This article may not be quoted, reproduced, distributed or published for any commercial purpose without prior consent. Members of the press and others using the findings in this article for non-commercial purposes are welcome to publicly share and link to report information with attribution to Ookla.

| July 17, 2025

5G Coverage in Europe: Progress Toward Goals Amid Lingering Disparities

Timely spectrum allocation and proactive policies, not the tyranny of geography or demographics, define Europe’s 5G coverage leaders

Europe is now midway through the 5G technology cycle. Capital spending on network expansion has peaked for most countries, and the flagship low- and mid-band spectrum auctions necessary for 5G deployment are complete. Mobile data traffic growth is now slowing for the first time, and European operators have been more cautious than peers in North America or Asia in adopting new technologies like 5G Standalone (SA), largely due to challenging operating conditions related to sluggish average revenue per user (ARPU) growth.

From a policy perspective, the European Commission has placed 5G at the core of its competitiveness strategy, closely linking coverage availability, timely spectrum assignment, and vendor diversity to productivity gains and strategic autonomy. The EU’s 5G policy agenda is converging on three key imperatives: streamlining infrastructure deployment through initiatives like the Gigabit Infrastructure Act (GIA) and upcoming Digital Networks Act (DNA); subsidizing frontier R&D via programs such as CEF Digital and SNS-JU; and de-risking vendor supply chains through the Security Toolbox and support for open RAN.

This research, which leverages Speedtest Intelligence® data, aims to independently benchmark progress toward the EU’s flagship 5G deployment objectives, including the Digital Decade 2030 goal of achieving 100% outdoor 5G population coverage, using the world’s largest consumer-initiated dataset. It represents the first installment in a three-part series examining Europe’s progress in 5G coverage, network performance, and legacy network sunsets.

Key Takeaways:

  • Europe’s 5G rollout has produced a “two-speed” competitiveness landscape, with some countries surging ahead in deployment while others fall behind. In Q2 2025, Nordic and Southern European countries maintained a substantial lead in 5G Availability, fueled by recent 700 MHz band deployments that drove double-digit coverage gains in countries such as Sweden and Italy. By contrast, 5G Availability in Central and Western European laggards such as Belgium, the United Kingdom, and Hungary remains less than half that of the leaders. On average, EU mobile subscribers spent 44.5% of their time connected to 5G networks in Q2 2025, up from 32.8% a year earlier.
  • The deployment and adoption of 5G SA in Europe remain sluggish, increasing slowly from a very low base and further widening the region’s gap with North America and Asia. Spain stands out as a clear leader in 5G SA deployment, reaching an 8% Speedtest® sample share compared with the EU average of just 1.3% as of Q2 2025. This progress has been driven by Spain’s proactive use of EU recovery funds to subsidize 5G SA rollouts in underserved areas, with a particular focus on bridging the rural-urban digital divide. However, the U.S. and China are still far ahead, with 5G SA sample shares above 20% and 80% respectively, reflecting a much greater pace of coverage and adoption in those markets.
  • Fragmented 5G Availability across Europe is driven by a complex mix of national policies on spectrum assignment and broader economic factors, rather than by simple geographic or demographic differences. 5G Availability is more strongly correlated with policy-driven factors such as spectrum allocation timelines and costs, coverage obligations, subsidy mechanisms, and regulations for infrastructure sharing and permitting, than with structural factors like urbanization rates or the number of operators. This indicates that 5G competitiveness is shaped less by technology gaps or inherent market imbalances and more by effective policy execution.

Europe’s recent fulfillment of the 5G pioneer band strategy masks fragmentation

This year is the first time that the EU’s “pioneer bands” for 5G, identified in the Commission’s 5G Action Plan to support early harmonized spectrum availability, have been substantially assigned across the bloc. With recent auctions in Poland for low-band and the Netherlands for mid-band, every member state except Malta has now allocated 60 MHz in the 700 MHz band and 400 MHz in the 3.4-3.8 GHz band for 5G. This effectively completes the 5G auction pipeline in Europe until demand increases for the final pioneer band, the 26 GHz mmWave band (1,000 MHz), which is likely to be used primarily for capacity in-fill in very dense urban environments like stadiums.

This important milestone in assignment harmonization marks the end of nearly a decade of significant fragmentation in spectrum availability for 5G across Europe, which had undermined the conditions needed for the Commission’s pursuit of a single market for telecom. For example, there was almost a nine-year gap between the 700 MHz assignment in Finland, one of the first movers in 2016, and in Poland, which only completed its assignment earlier this year, despite both countries having committed to the same Digital Decade targets.

Northern Europe Maintains 5G Availability Lead, Benelux and Eastern Europe Lag
Speedtest Intelligence® | Q2 2025

Fragmentation remains a persistent theme, shaping stark 5G deployment asymmetries that cannot be explained by geography or demographics alone. Northern and Southern European countries such as Denmark (83.9%), Sweden (77.8%), and Greece (76.4%) are disproportionately represented among the countries with the highest 5G Availability in Q2 2025, with coverage rates up to twice as high as those in Western and Eastern countries like the United Kingdom (45.2%), Hungary (29.9%), and Belgium (11.9%).

Northern and Southern Europe lead in 5G Availability through a carrot-and-stick mix of spectrum management, subsidies, and coverage obligations

Nordic countries such as Denmark, Sweden, and Norway—with Sweden and Norway featuring some of the lowest population densities and most challenging terrain in Europe—continue to distinguish themselves in the 5G cycle through innovative policy approaches. All three have imposed stringent rural or regional coverage obligations on 5G spectrum licenses.  For example, in Sweden’s 700 MHz band auction, Telia was required to invest €25 million (US$29 million) from its license fee to provide at least 10 Mbps coverage in prioritized rural areas lacking adequate service, with operators aiming for 99% nationwide population access by the end of this year.

These Nordic countries have also actively promoted extensive network sharing, such as the TT Network joint venture between Telia and Telenor in Denmark and Net4Mobility between Tele2 and Telenor in Sweden, and leveraged loans from the European Investment Bank (EIB) or Nordic Investment Bank (NIB) to fund rural rollouts and support early 700 MHz deployments to create a “true” 5G coverage layer rather than relying solely on dynamic spectrum sharing (DSS). 

Similarly, Switzerland continues to outpace its Central European neighbors, such as Luxembourg and Belgium, in 5G Availability, reaching 81.3% in Q2 2025. This achievement was realized without government subsidies, relying instead on early, competitively priced access to the pioneer bands and voluntary commitments from operators like Swisscom to deliver extensive 5G coverage (e.g., 90% population coverage by 2024). Affordable spectrum allocation preserved operators’ capital for network investments, bolstered by exceptionally high average revenue per user (ARPU) levels.

Policy acts as a barrier, not a catalyst, for 5G deployment in Western and Eastern European laggards

While regulatory policies have spurred 5G investment in Northern and Southern European countries, they have stifled it in others. In the United Kingdom, the enforcement of the Telecoms Security Act has compelled operators to undertake an expensive rip-and-replace program for vendor equipment in 5G networks by 2027, driven by concerns over supply chain vulnerabilities (with similar impact observed in Hungary). Additionally, the country’s 700 MHz and 3.6-3.8 GHz spectrum auction in 2021 omitted stringent coverage obligations after operators agreed to the voluntary Shared Rural Network (SRN) initiative, which emphasized improving rural 4G coverage rather than accelerating 5G rollout.

These challenges have been compounded by post-Brexit funding gaps, which have prevented the United Kingdom from accessing EU Recovery and Resilience Facility resources, including the €2 billion (US$2.3 billion) allocated for 5G deployment in Italy and the support provided for Spain’s Digital Spain Agenda 2025. At the same time, the country’s operators have been under further pressure from ARPU erosion due to fierce price competition in a four-player market (now changing) and from rising operational costs, especially higher energy prices.

The United Kingdom is not unique in its struggles. Belgium, home to the core of European bureaucracy, still features lower 5G Availability than many emerging markets in Latin America and Southeast Asia. The country’s federal structure led to chronic delays, as spectrum auctions originally planned for 2019 were pushed to 2022 amid regional disputes over revenue sharing between Flanders, Wallonia, and Brussels. Strict radiation limits in Brussels further slowed 5G deployment post-auction. 

Analysis of the relationship between 5G Availability and spectrum auction timing in Europe confirms that policy can act as a barrier to deployment when it unduly delays spectrum release. Many operators have used techniques such as DSS to accelerate 5G rollouts before dedicated pioneer bands were available (resulting in some artificial overperformance in countries such as Ireland and Poland). However, the evidence clearly shows that countries which assigned pioneer bands earlier have achieved higher levels of 5G Availability today.

Low-band deployment and DSS use continue to lift 5G availability in lagging countries

Recent advances in 5G Availability have been driven by low-band deployments and the use of DSS, raising the average proportion of time spent on 5G networks in the EU from 32.8% in Q2 2024 to 44.5% in Q2 2025. The pace of coverage growth, and the corresponding increase in 5G usage, has primarily reflected each country’s starting point. Lagging countries like Latvia, Poland, and Slovenia have seen double-digit gains in 5G Availability from a low base. By contrast, leading countries such as Switzerland and Denmark, where 5G coverage is now nearly ubiquitous, have shifted their focus to targeted capacity upgrades through site densification and mid-band expansion.

Significant 5G coverage gains in Sweden (+21.3% YoY in 5G Availability) over the past year have been driven by aggressive 700 MHz deployment by Telia and Tele2 to close rural-urban gaps across the country’s expansive forested terrain, with fiscal backing from government digital inclusion subsidies. In Italy (+20.5% YoY), momentum has come from 3G sunsets (with WindTre repurposing the 2100 MHz band recently), mobilization of EU Recovery Funds through the country’s flagship National Recovery and Resilience Plan (PNRR), and April 2024 policy reforms easing EMF restrictions to facilitate faster infrastructure rollout. Meanwhile, Malta’s operators have rapidly expanded 5G coverage through DSS and benefited from the country’s compact geography, despite still lacking a 700 MHz assignment for 5G.

Low-Band Deployment and DSS Fuel 5G Coverage Expansion in Lagging Countries
Speedtest Intelligence® | Q2 2024 – Q2 2025

Discover how spectrum policy and strategy shape 5G coverage across Europe, with Nordic and Southern nations leading and Spain ahead in 5G SA.

While the European Commission has not yet embedded technology-specific deployment goals for 5G SA in its 2030 Digital Decade policy program, it is now distinguishing the technology from the Non-Standalone (NSA) architecture in several key policy documents, funding initiatives, and monitoring reports. This distinction is often framed as an enabling requirement in the context of helping to boost EU competitiveness, closing innovation gaps, and addressing Europe’s lag behind the U.S. and China in advanced connectivity deployment.

However, first-of-its-kind research published by Ookla earlier this year in collaboration with Omdia revealed that the bloc has fallen far behind in 5G SA deployment. Real-world penetration of the technology, shaped by a combination of network coverage, device adoption, and tariff configuration, remains much lower than headline population coverage figures suggest. By Q2 2025, the competitiveness gap had widened further, with 5G SA sample share (a proxy for coverage) reaching just 1.3% in the EU. This is several times lower than the more than 20% observed in the U.S. and 80% in China in the same period. 

Spain's Subsidy-Heavy Policy Framework Drives 5G SA Deployment in Underserved Areas
Speedtest Intelligence® | Q2 2024 – Q1 2025

Spain continues to lead Europe in 5G SA deployment, with its 5G SA sample share surpassing 8% for the first time in Q1 2025. Both MasOrange and Telefónica have driven an aggressive nationwide rollout using a diversified spectrum strategy across low- and mid-bands, extending 5G SA coverage deeper into rural and underserved areas than anywhere else in Europe. This progress has been enabled by Spain’s subsidy-heavy policy framework, which has allocated hundreds of millions of euros from EU recovery funds (NextGenerationEU) through “UNICO-5G” grants to finance more than 7,000 new sites in villages and along 30,000 km of roads.

Key European economies such as the United Kingdom and Germany are achieving stronger progress in 5G SA deployment than their overall 5G Availability figures, which are heavily skewed by NSA networks, might indicate. The United Kingdom’s Wireless Infrastructure Strategy sets out a national ambition, rather than prescriptive obligations, to achieve 5G SA coverage in all populated areas by 2030. This target is among the most ambitious of any advanced liberal economy globally. The country has also leveraged remedies addressing competition concerns over the VodafoneThree merger to require the merged entity to extend 5G SA coverage to 99% of the UK population by 2030.

Meanwhile, the German telecom regulator BNetzA has promoted competition in the 5G SA rollout by being one of the first globally to transparently track 5G SA deployment with detailed operator-level coverage maps available to the public.

Evidence-based policymaking is central for Europe’s competitiveness in frontier technologies like 5G

Persistent disparities in 5G coverage and long delays in harmonizing spectrum availability show that upcoming regulatory initiatives like the DNA face a tall order to improve Europe’s competitiveness in 5G deployment. Yet the experience of member states that moved early on strategic spectrum allocation and applied data‑driven policy levers to spur deployment, often overcoming geographic and demographic disadvantages traditionally seen as impediments, demonstrates that Europe already has the tools needed to close the gap.

Coming next in this three-part series: a Europe‑wide 5G performance study spanning QoS (speeds, latency) and QoE (browsing, video, gaming) built on the world’s largest consumer‑initiated dataset. Stay tuned.

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