| September 9, 2024

O2 and T-Mobile Lead in Network Performance in Czechia as 5G Competition Heats Up

Mobile operators in the Czech Republic have made progress in expanding 5G coverage and improving network performance. In this article, we review the 5G performance of O2, T-Mobile, and Vodafone at the national level between Q2 2022 and Q2 2024 and highlight their achievements in three regions.

Key Takeaways:

    • O2 and T-Mobile have steadily increased their download and upload speeds since Q2 2022. O2 saw its median download speed more than double in 2 years to reach 92.78 Mbps in Q2 2024 while T-Mobile achieved a median download speed of 95.48 Mbps. The median upload speed is more highly contested by the two operators, with O2 taking pole position with 23.85 Mbps in Q2 2024. O2 also steadily improved its multi-server latency, leading the market with 33.34 ms in Q2 2024.
    • All operators have considerably improved their 5G coverage since Q1 2023. The percentage of operators’ known locations where a device has access to 5G service has increased from 40.7% in Q1 2023 to 66.2% in Q2 2024. Operators’ efforts to deploy new base stations and use sub-1Ghz frequency bands have driven these coverage improvements.
    • O2 leads in the capital region in 5G download speeds. O2 significantly outperforms its competitors in Prague in download speed at 241.86 Mbps compared to 167.85 Mbps for T-Mobile and 90.2 Mbps for Vodafone.
    • T-Mobile provides faster 5G download speeds in some other regions. T-Mobile notably outperformed O2 in the Central Bohemian and South Moravian regions. T-Mobile download speeds in the two territories were 129.36 Mbps and 165.54 Mbps, respectively, compared to O2’s 93.02 Mbps and 136.68 Mbps. 

O2 and T-Mobile consolidated their lead in 5G performance over the last year while Vodafone outperformed in 5G coverage

The Czech mobile market is very competitive with three key operators: O2, T-Mobile, and Vodafone. The country made a relatively early foray into 5G. O2 introduced 5G services first in July 2020, initially covering parts of Prague and Koline, after acquiring 700 MHz and 3400–3600 spectrum bands. Vodafone followed suit with its 5G network launch in October 2020 and T-Mobile the following month. In November 2023, O2 completed the rollout of 5G across Prague’s metro network, making it the first underground system in Europe with full 5G coverage.

The market remains dominated by the three operators despite the regulator’s efforts to encourage the entry of new players by auctioning the 700 MHz and 3.4-3.6 GHz spectrum bands in 2020. The silver lining is that access to the new spectrum, combined with the refarming of the sunset 3G spectrum, helped incumbent operators expand 5G coverage.

After T-Mobile and O2 began sharing their mobile infrastructure in 2012, their combined networks covered 85% of the population. Following the settlement of an antitrust dispute with the European Commission, they amended the network-sharing agreement in 2022 and extended it through October 2033 to support nationwide 5G deployment. Both operators committed to making their base stations 5G-ready and continue investing in the infrastructure. The network sharing agreement excluded the capital, Prague, and Brno for up to 10 years.

The network performance of both operators improved significantly since Q2 2022 according to Ookla® Speedtest Intelligence® data. O2 more than doubled its download speed over 2 years to reach 92.78 Mbps in Q2 2024, while T-Mobile pulled slightly ahead of O2 with a peak of 95.48 Mbps. The upload speeds of both operators remained relatively stable before Q3 2023 in the range of 15 Mbps to 20 Mbps before increasing, with O2 taking pole position with a speed of 23.85 Mbps in Q2 2024 and T-Mobile following closely behind at 21.28 Mbps. Vodafone’s download and upload speeds remained relatively flat over the same period before increasing rapidly from Q3 2023, in tandem with the other two operators, to reach 15.77 Mbps in Q2 2024.

O2 has maintained a relatively stable latency with a slight improvement observed since Q4 2023 resulting in the lowest latency in the market at 33.34 ms. T-Mobile exhibited a reduction in latency from Q3 2022 through Q1 2023, followed by an increase, bringing it closer to Vodafone’s performance by Q2 2024 at 35.4 ms. Vodafone gradually decreased its latency over the same period, almost converging with T-Mobile and O2 by Q2 2024.

All Technologies’ Network Performance, Czechia
Source: Speedtest Intelligence® | Q2 2022 — Q2 2024
All Technologies’ Network Performance, Czechia

Due to the growing adoption of 5G service, median 5G download and upload speeds have been declining since launch until 2023. This suggests a growing network usage while capacity was not increased sufficiently to cater to the growing demand. However, 5G network performance started recovering after 3Q 2023. T-Mobile leads the market with a 5G download speed of 153.12 Mbps in Q2 2024, after lagging behind O2 across most quarters since Q2 2022.

Vodafone’s 5G download speed has been declining until Q3 2023, when it reversed the trend rapidly to catch up with the other two operators, reaching 93.12 Mbps in Q2 2024. T-Mobile’s lead is more evident for 5G upload as the median speed reached 39.11 Mbps in Q2 2024, while O2 achieved a speed of 31.61 Mbps. Since Q3 2023, Vodafone’s upload speed gained nearly 10Mbps, reaching 20.52 Mbps.

Vodafone had the lowest download and upload speeds among the three operators throughout the period. The use of Dynamic Spectrum Sharing (DSS), which allows it to share spectrum between 4G and 5G, could explain Vodafone’s underperformance. While this approach enables Vodafone to offer 5G services without physically upgrading its radios, it also weighs on performance since both networks share the same radio spectrum. Furthermore, Vodafone demonstrated significant improvement since Q3 2023, suggesting a strategic focus on enhancing network capabilities to remain competitive.

O2 had the lowest 5G latency compared to T-Mobile and Vodafone during most quarters since Q2 2022, though it peaked around Q3 2023 at 32.9 ms before dropping to 31.3 ms in Q2 2024. T-Mobile exhibited the most significant fluctuation, with latency spiking in Q3 2022 but showing a general decline afterward, reaching comparable levels with Vodafone by Q2 2024. Vodafone also displayed a downward trend but remained above O2 throughout the period.

5G Network Performance, Czechia
Source: Speedtest Intelligence® | Q2 2022 — Q2 2024
5G Network Performance, Czechia

Operators have been using the 700MHz and 3500MHz spectrum bands acquired in 2020 to increase 5G coverage. According to Speedtest Intelligence, 5G Service, a geospatial measure of the percentage of an operator’s known locations where a device has access to 5G service (including roaming), has increased from 40.7% in Q1 2023 to 66.2% in Q2 2024. This significant improvement in coverage is driven mainly by Vodafone’s 5G coverage, with 5G Service value boosted from 59.3% to 78.5% during that period. Vodafone reported 70% coverage of the population within less than two years after launching 5G in 2020. O2 and T-Mobile also improved their 5G coverage during the same period to reach 65.8% and 60.0%, respectively, in Q2 2024, according to Speedtest Intelligence.

More users with 5G-enabled SIMs and handsets were connected to 5G networks in Czechia than before, indicating greater popularity and adoption. According to Speedtest Intelligence, 5G Availability, which represents the percentage of users with 5G-enabled devices and 5G-activated services that spend most of their time connected to 4G and 5G, has been increasing for all operators. Vodafone saw the fastest jump since Q1 2023 reaching 64.9% in Q2 2024. O2 and T-Mobile are also trending upwards and at a similar pace, reaching 35.2% and 40.2%, respectively. 

O2 tops 5G performance in Prague but T-Mobile leads in other regions

O2 and T-Mobile have been competing for the top spot for 5G network performance. The tightening of the gap between the two operators in download speeds suggests that subscribers on either network can expect similar performance. However, this similarity in median download speed at the national level hides some disparities at the regional level. For example, O2 excels in Prague, the region with the most samples but lags behind T-Mobile in two parts of the country which are Central Bohemian and South Moravian regions.

O2 and T-Mobile 5G Network Performance, Select Regions, Czechia
Source: Speedtest Intelligence® | Q2 2022 — Q2 2024
O2 and T-Mobile 5G Network Performance, Select Regions, Czechia

Prague

The capital city and its surroundings have the largest population in Czechia with over 2 million people. It is no surprise then that the operators prioritized this region when launching 5G and when upgrading network equipment. We also note that this region has been excluded from the network-sharing agreement signed between O2 and T-Mobile, allowing the two operators to offer distinctively different performances. 

In Prague, O2 significantly outperforms T-Mobile in 5G download speeds, with O2 reaching 241.86 Mbps compared to T-Mobile’s 167.85 Mbps. It is also the region where O2 has a large advantage compared to T-Mobile (compared to the other three regions). However, the median 5G upload speeds between the two providers are much closer, with O2 at 47.04 Mbps and T-Mobile at 46.18 Mbps.

Central Bohemian and South Moravian regions

These two regions show a clear trend where T-Mobile outperformed O2 in both 5G download and upload speeds, varying from the pattern observed in Prague, where O2 had a strong lead in download speed. In the Central Bohemian Region, T-Mobile’s download speed is 129.36 Mbps, notably higher than O2’s 93.02 Mbps. Similarly, T-Mobile’s upload speed of 29.47 Mbps is higher than O2’s.

In the South Moravian Region, T-Mobile is also leading with a speed of 165.54 Mbps compared to O2’s 136.68 Mbps. However, the gap between the two is narrower here than in the Central Bohemian Region. Its lead in 5G upload speeds is less pronounced at 38.39 Mbps compared to O2’s 26.29 Mbps. T-Mobile also outperformed O2 in both metrics in six other regions, while there is no clear winner in the remaining five regions. 

The Czech Republic is on track to reach EU 5G coverage targets ahead of schedule and has opportunities to improve network speed

According to a European Union (EU) report published in September 2023, 5G deployment is accelerating in Czechia with population coverage increasing from 49% in 2021 to 83% in 2022, ahead of the European average of 81%. This puts the country in a very good position to reach the EU’s target of 100% 5G coverage of the population way before the deadline of 2030.

As 5G coverage issues have been largely addressed, operators turned their attention to improving throughput, especially since Q3 2023. They can optimize their usage of the allocated spectrum in the 700 MHz and 3400–3600 MHz bands, while waiting for the release of the 26 Ghz which promises to offer much higher download speed. The extensive use of dynamic spectrum sharing also poses a bottleneck to unlocking 5G’s full potential. According to the EU’s Observatory Report published in June 2024, nearly half of the 13,870 5G base stations deployed in Czechia use that technology. While operators relied on DSS to expand their 5G footprint, they should now consider moving 5G services to dedicated spectrum channels, just like AT&T and Verizon in the U.S., to accelerate speed improvements.

We will continue to monitor fixed and mobile networks’ performance across Europe. For more information about Speedtest Intelligence data and insights, please contact us.

Ookla retains ownership of this article including all of the intellectual property rights, data, content graphs and analysis. This article may not be quoted, reproduced, distributed or published for any commercial purpose without prior consent. Members of the press and others using the findings in this article for non-commercial purposes are welcome to publicly share and link to report information with attribution to Ookla.

| July 29, 2024

Faster Speeds and the Promise of New Use Cases is Driving 5G SA Adoption

The deployment of 5G networks is progressing as demand for faster and more reliable connectivity continues to grow. The standalone (SA) deployment model marks a significant milestone in the evolution of 5G, aiming to offer lower latency, increased bandwidth, and improved reliability compared to earlier network configurations. In this article, we use Ookla Speedtest Intelligence® data to track 5G SA deployments since Q2 2023, 5G SA service adoption, and examine its impact on network performance. We also highlight key regions and countries that made notable advancements in 5G SA infrastructure.

Key Takeaways:

  • India, the U.S., and Southeast Asia are at the forefront of 5G SA adoption. T-Mobile and SK Telekom were among the first to launch 5G SA in 2020, while Chinese operators and Jio in India lead in terms of active 5G SA users. Europe somewhat lags, with operators still hesitant due to the relatively low ROI on existing 5G investments and unclear business cases for 5G SA. However, Europe has the highest number of operators planning to launch it.
  • The U.A.E. and South Korea lead the world in 5G SA performance. 5G SA download speeds reached 879.89 Mbps and 729.89 Mbps, respectively. Their 5G SA upload speeds were also impressive, at 70.93 Mbps and 77.65 Mbps, respectively. This performance is a result of significant advancements made by local operators in deploying 5G SA and testing advanced features such as network slicing and mobile edge computing (MEC).
  • The change in speed of 5G SA varied widely between countries over a year. Speedtest Intelligence data shows that 5G SA performance declined in many countries between Q2 2023 and Q2 2024, primarily driven by increased user base and network traffic. Conversely, markets such as Canada and the U.S. improved their performance thanks to access to additional spectrum.

5G SA deployments are expected to increase this year as adoption gains momentum and ecosystem matures

Most existing 5G deployments use the non-standalone (NSA) model which uses the 4G core network. This model is faster to roll out, requires less investment, and maximizes existing network assets. Unlike 5G NSA, 5G SA uses a dedicated 5G core network, unlocking the full capabilities of 5G with better speed, latency, support for large numbers of devices, and more agile service creation. It also enables new features such as network slicing where an operator can dedicate a network segment to specific customers or use cases. Furthermore, the core network functions provided by a cloud-native architecture enable more scalability and automation than physical or virtualized architectures. However, this comes with higher infrastructure complexity, investment as well as staff training costs.  Many operators use NSA as a stepping stone towards SA, with a few exceptions, such as DISH in the U.S. and Jio in India, which adopted SA from the outset. Other scenarios for deploying 5G SA include an overlay for a public 5G NSA network or as a private network for enterprise use cases. 

The Global Mobile Suppliers Association (GSA) identified 130 operators that had invested in public 5G SA networks as of the end of June 2024. 5G SA represented more than 37% of the 614 operators known to have invested in 5G either through trials or deployments. The GSA reported 1,535 commercially available devices, including handsets and fixed wireless access (FWA) customer premises equipment (CPEs), that support 5G SA, demonstrating the growing maturity of the device ecosystem. 

However, only 11 new 5G SA deployments in nine countries were recorded (out of 46 new 5G networks launched in 32 countries) in 2023, according to Analysys Mason, showing a slowdown in deployments. We expect the pace of 5G SA launches to accelerate in 2024 and beyond supported by the growing device ecosystem and commercial appetite for new 5G use cases. 

To identify where 5G SA access has been activated and the network expanded between Q2 2023 and Q2 2024, we used Speedtest Intelligence® data to identify devices that connect to 5G SA. The maps below confirm that the number of 5G SA samples increased year-on-year and that coverage has expanded beyond urban centers. However, mobile subscribers in most of Africa, Europe, Central Asia, and Latin America have yet to experience 5G SA.

In the following sections, we examine the year-on-year changes in 5G SA performance across different regions and identify which countries are leading in the Developed Asia Pacific, the Americas, Emerging Asia Pacific, and Europe.

The developed Asia-Pacific (DVAP) region is at the forefront of 5G SA launches

Operators in this region boast 5G SA networks, with launches happening as early as 2020. Strong government support, operators’ technology leadership, and a high consumer appetite for high-speed internet services drove this rapid adoption.

South Korea is considered a pioneer in the adoption and deployment of 5G technology, with SK Telecom deploying one of the first 5G SA services in H1 2020, and supporting advanced features such as network slicing and mobile edge computing (MEC). Speedtest Intelligence data shows that the country led the region in download and upload speeds in Q2 2024. South Korea has one of the highest median speeds among the countries analyzed at 729.89 Mbps (download) and 77.65 Mbps (upload). The other top-performing country is the U.A.E with a median download speed of 879.89 Mbps and a median upload speed of 70.93 Mbps. 

All three service providers in Singapore commercialized 5G SA services, covering more than 95% of the country. Users experienced excellent download speed with a median value of 481.96 Mbps. However, Singapore lagged in upload speed with a median value of 32.09 Mbps.

Macau and Japan are second and third in the region with median download speeds of 404.22 Mbps and 272.73 Mbps, respectively. Mainland China followed with a median speed of 236.95 Mbps. Policies and initiatives such as network-sharing agreements and government subsidies supported 5G growth.

In Australia, TPG Telecom launched its 5G SA network in November 2021, following Telstra’s announcement in May 2020. However, the country lagged behind its regional peers with median download speeds and upload speeds of 146.68 Mbps and 17.69 Mbps, respectively.

The performance of most reviewed DVAP countries remained largely stable or slightly declined between Q2 2023 and Q2 2024. The only two exceptions are South Korea and Australia where performance improved by 12% and 18%, respectively. The most substantial declines were observed in upload speeds, while South Korea stood out with a 17% boost in performance.

5G Standalone Network Performance, Select Countries in Developed Asia Pacific
Source: Speedtest Intelligence® | Q2 2023 – Q2 2024
5G Standalone Network Performance, Select Countries in Developed Asia Pacific

T-Mobile and DISH Push 5G SA Coverage in the U.S.

In the U.S., T-Mobile launched its 5G Standalone (SA) network over 600 MHz spectrum in August 2020, becoming one of the first operators in the world to do so. This was followed by a faster service over 2.5 GHz mid-band spectrum in November 2022 which helped the operator to maintain its national lead in 5G performance. On the other hand, Verizon extensively tested 5G SA in 2023 but so far has been slow to deploy a nationwide SA network. DISH, another notable 5G SA operator, pioneered a cloud-native Open RAN-based 5G SA network in June 2023 and expanded coverage to 73% of the population by the end of that year. In Canada, Rogers Wireless launched the first 5G SA at the beginning of 2021, a year after introducing 5G NSA. 

In Brazil, the median download and upload speeds reached 474.65 Mbps and 32.36 Mbps in Q2 2024, respectively, exceeding those in Canada and the U.S. The main operators in Brazil, Claro, Telefonica (Vivo), and TIM have launched 5G SA over the 3.5 GHz band, making the service available to a large proportion of the population.

While download and upload speed improved in Canada and the U.S. between Q2 2023 and Q2 2024, according to Speedtest Intelligence, it declined in Brazil. The deployment of C-band has likely helped to increase download speed in both Canada and the U.S.

5G Standalone Network Performance, Select Countries in the Americas
Source: Speedtest Intelligence® | Q2 2023 – Q2 2024
5G Standalone Network Performance, Select Countries in the Americas

India leads in the Emerging Asian Pacific (EMAP) region with fast expansion to 5G SA network

India is at the forefront of the Emerging Asian Pacific region’s rapid 5G Standalone (SA) network expansion. However, according to Ookla’s Speedtest data for Q2 2024, the Philippines surpasses both India and Thailand with a median 5G SA download speed of 375.40 Mbps. Globe, the first mobile operator to introduce 5G Non-Standalone (NSA) in the Philippines, expanded its 5G outdoor coverage to 97.44% of the capital by the end of H1 2023. The company also launched 5G SA private networks in 2023, along with network slicing.

India follows closely behind the Philippines, with a median download speed of just under 300 Mbps. Jio has been a leader in enhancing 5G SA coverage since its launch in October 2022, while Bharti Airtel initially opted for NSA, with plans to transition to full 5G SA. 

Jio’s rapid coverage expansion and high throughput are supported by its access to mid-band (3.5 GHz) and low-band (700 MHz) frequencies. Additionally, all new 5G handsets released in India are SA-compatible, boosting the adoption of 5G SA services, and more than 90% of them support carrier aggregation and Voice over New Radio (VoNR). 

Thailand lags behind in median download speed for Q2 2024 but outperforms India and the Philippines in upload speed. It was among the first countries in the region to introduce 5G services, with operators quickly expanding coverage to reach over 80% of the population. AIS, the leading operator in Thailand, launched 5G NSA services in February 2020 using 700 MHz, 2.6 GHz, and 26 GHz bandwidths, followed by 5G SA in July 2020. The operator enabled VoNR in 2021. 

Unlike the DVAP region, countries in EMAP have experienced a more substantial decline in 5G SA network performance compared to Q2 2023. The rapid coverage expansion and adoption have likely increased the load on 5G SA infrastructure, putting pressure on the operators to scale up network capacity in the future to at least maintain a similar performance level.

5G Standalone Network Performance, Select Countries in Emerging Asia Pacific
Source: Speedtest Intelligence® | Q2 2023 – Q2 2024
5G Standalone Network Performance, Select Countries in Emerging Asia Pacific

Europe is home to the highest number of operators looking to deploy 5G SA

A growing number of European operators are offering or planning to offer 5G SA, driven by a maturing device ecosystem. However, many remain hesitant due to cost and the need to demonstrate clear business cases for 5G SA. GSMA Intelligence reports that Europe has the highest number of planned 5G SA launches, with 45 operators planning to deploy it as of Q1 2024.

Elisa in Finland was one of the first operators in the region to launch 5G SA in November 2021. Other notable examples of SA implementations include Vodafone in Germany (April 2021) and the UK (June 2023), Bouygues Telecom (2022) in France, Three in Austria, Wind Tre in Italy (both in 2022), Orange and Telefónica in Spain, and TDC Denmark in 2023. 

The recent 5G SA launch in Spain may explain why that country saw such high speeds, with Speedtest Intelligence reporting download and upload speeds of 614.91 Mbps and 56.93 Mbps, respectively, in Q2 2023. However, Spain experienced a significant drop in performance in 2024, with speeds falling to 427.64 Mbps (download) and 30.55 Mbps (upload). Despite this decline, Spain continued to outperform the UK and Germany.

5G Standalone Network Performance, Select Countries in Europe
Source: Speedtest Intelligence® | Q2 2023 – Q2 2024
5G Standalone Network Performance, Select Countries in Europe

While 5G SA deployments appear to have slowed in 2023 compared to previous years, we expect momentum to increase from 2024 due to rising enterprise demand for private networks and interest in network slicing, as well as consumer demand for immersive gaming and VR applications.  The ecosystem’s maturity and the availability of more network equipment and devices supporting 5G SA will also stimulate the market. According to the GSA, 21% of operators worldwide investing in 5G have included 5G SA in their plans.

Interestingly, the growing popularity and adoption of 5G SA have impacted its performance, with many markets seeing some degradation compared to 2023, according to Speedtest Intelligence.  Nonetheless, 5G SA still offers a markedly faster download speed than 5G NSA. Beyond speed, 5G SA promises new capabilities, such as network slicing, that have started to emerge in the most advanced markets but will take time to become a reality for most consumers and enterprises worldwide.

We will continue to track the deployments of 5G SA and monitor their impact on network global performance. For more information about Speedtest Intelligence data and insights, please contact us.

Ookla retains ownership of this article including all of the intellectual property rights, data, content graphs and analysis. This article may not be quoted, reproduced, distributed or published for any commercial purpose without prior consent. Members of the press and others using the findings in this article for non-commercial purposes are welcome to publicly share and link to report information with attribution to Ookla.

| June 11, 2024

Downdetector Helped the Early Detection of Major Outages During the First Half of 2024

Since the beginning of 2024, there have been several high-profile outages causing service disruptions. Ookla’s Downdetector™ captured these events based on consumer reports, providing a unique perspective that can help us understand how they affect end-users. In this article, we analyze this data to assess the scale of selected outages, explore how they spread, and uncover interesting consumer behavior patterns.

Key takeaways

  • On February 22, 2024, AT&T experienced the largest operator outage in the world since 2020. Downdetector captured over 1.8 million reports related to AT&T’s nationwide outage reflecting its large scale. Ookla’s platform also helped alert Verizon and T-Mobile customers about the outage caused by AT&T to reduce unnecessary reports to their respective Downdetector pages.
  • In March 2024, Meta experienced one of the largest outages to date affecting several core services. Over 6.5 million reports were submitted in just over 2 hours related to Facebook on March 5th. A second outage in April 2024 highlighted the value of Downdetector to rapidly detect the outage for swift response times, as it identified the issue quickly through user reports, unlike traditional network and application testing solutions.
  • Telkom in South Africa witnessed a few network outages since March 2024: On May 13th, Telkom’s South African network experienced a temporary nationwide outage, causing customers to lose signal and access to their services. That outage followed a series of disruptions affecting subsea cables in Africa, highlighting the vulnerability of this critical communications infrastructure and the need for diversification and backup solutions such as satellite internet.

Services outages have been more in the news in recent months and have an ever-growing impact on consumers and businesses alike

In the past 18 months, several high-profile outages have disrupted services across several industries – from telecommunications (AT&T in the U.S.) and social media (Meta) to cloud services (Microsoft and AWS). These disruptions extend far beyond momentary inconvenience. As consumers increasingly depend on constant connectivity for communication, entertainment, and essential services like emergency response, the stakes are high. Businesses with a strong online presence and those reliant on cloud services are particularly vulnerable, risking productivity and revenue loss, as well as potential reputational damage.

Our digital infrastructure’s highly interconnected nature means a single outage can trigger a cascade of disruptions across various sectors. In today’s era of round-the-clock media and social platforms, even small disruptions can quickly escalate into significant crises, amplifying their visibility and impact.

It is therefore crucial to have systems in place to detect such events, manage outages, and develop a comprehensive contingency plan. By spotting anomalies early, service providers can isolate problems, minimize downtime, prevent escalations, and keep users informed throughout the outage. In this context, crowdsourced data can complement internal fault detection systems by assessing the outage’s scale and providing real-time information to affected users. Identifying priority areas allows for a more coordinated response, minimizing impact and protecting the company’s reputation.

Ookla’s Downdetector™ is the leading source for real-time status and outage information for thousands of services and websites around the world. Powered by unbiased, transparent user reports and problem indicators from around the web, it helps understand disruptions to vital services, empowering consumers, and informing businesses when customers are experiencing issues. The platform tracks over 14,000 services from around the world and receives reports from more than 200 million unique users. Users submit problem reports on Downdetector localized websites, which also collect indicators from social media and other web sources. These reports are then validated and analyzed in real-time to flag potential service disruptions and other problems. An incident is confirmed when the volume of reports significantly exceeds the typical baseline for a service. 

In the sections that follow, we leverage Downdetector data to analyze three outages that occurred during the first half of 2024 by tracing back their evolution, providing insightful analysis, and uncovering interesting consumer behavior trends.

AT&T experienced the largest operator outage in the world since 2020 according to Downdetector

AT&T, the largest mobile operator in the U.S.A. with over 240 million subscribers, experienced a nationwide network outage on February 22. This affected its mobile network, leaving thousands of users without voice, messaging, and data services for several hours. Based on the number of reports on Downdetector.com, this was the largest outage of any telecom operator in the world since November 2020.

At 2:45 AM CST on 22 February 22, 2024, Downdetector started receiving thousands of self-reported incidents related to AT&T services, far exceeding the baseline. Reports peaked at 73,502 at 8:15 AM CST as people started their day. In total, AT&T received nearly 1.8 million issue reports on Downdetector between 2:45 AM CST and 5:45 PM. The number of reports started to dwindle rapidly after 10:45 AM, returning to normal by day’s end. This outage also affected AT&T’s sub-brand, Cricket Wireless, with reports tailing off in the late afternoon.

Rivals Verizon and T-Mobile also had higher-than-normal report volumes but on a much lower scale. Self-reported incidents peaked at 7:00 AM CST at 4358 and 1990 for Verizon and T-Mobile, respectively. The majority of these reports resulted from customers trying to connect to AT&T customers since both operators confirmed their networks were operating normally. These consumers are not wrong, though: they were unable to use their service as intended. To reduce the number of reports, Verizon and T-Mobile customers visiting Downdetector.com were informed that the issues being reported were likely related to AT&T. Such proactive measures helped to alert customers unaware of issues with third-party services that affect their experience and avoid unnecessary support calls.

Chart of Outage Reports for AT&T, Verizon, and T-Mobile

Downdetector data points to an internal root cause within the AT&T network since no major cloud services provider, or popular online services, received a large number of reports at the same time as it did. The issues were reported from across the US, with users from Houston, Chicago, and Dallas generating the most reports. AT&T attributed the issue to a technical error in the application and execution of an incorrect process during the network expansion process. Initial concerns were about potential cyberattacks but there was no evidence to suggest that. The outage onset also corroborates with the explanation provided by AT&T that it occurred during typical maintenance hours in the very early morning. According to AT&T, three-quarters of the network was restored by the afternoon. 

The outage also meant that customers were unable to call emergency services. Some public services, such as the New York Police Department, could not use their phones connected to the AT&T network. However, AT&T’s FirstNet network for first responders such as the police and fire departments remained operational.

As a result of this incident, AT&T’s share price fell by 2% and it could face fines due to the inaccessibility of emergency services during the outage. AT&T also offered customers a $5 credit in compensation for the incident. This highlights the potential financial cost of service disruption if not managed efficiently and if the network is not quickly restored. 

Two months later to the day, AT&T experienced another, albeit more limited, outage that affected residents of Virginia and North Carolina due to equipment failure. The number of self-reported issues peaked at nearly 1300 in the morning of 22 May before subsiding one hour later.

Meta experienced one of the largest outages to date based on the number of services affected and the duration

On March 5, 2024, Meta experienced a widespread global outage impacting several of its core services including WhatsApp, Facebook, Facebook Messenger, Instagram, and Threads. The outage was first reported by mid-afternoon and began to clear at about 5:00 pm UTC, lasting about 2 hours. During this time, people could not log in to their Facebook accounts, with the site erroneously indicating that their passwords were no longer correct, sparking concerns about potential hacking.

Reports of issues with Meta’s services followed a similar trend:

  • Facebook reports started pouring into Downdetector around 03:15 PM UTC, peaking just 15 minutes later at over 2.35 million trouble notifications within that period. Between 3:15 PM and 5:15 PM, the total number of submitted reports exceeded 6.5 million.
  • For Instagram, the number of reports peaked at 529,140 at 3:30 PM UTC, with users reporting problems with the app.
  • People started reporting issues with Facebook Messenger‘s chatting services and problems logging in mid-afternoon, with a peak of 158,419 reports at 3:30 PM UTC.
  • Users on WhatsApp were comparatively much less affected by the outage, with only 25,312 reports between 3:00 PM and 5:30 PM, compared to 6.5 million for Facebook, over 1.8 million for Instagram, and 410,281 for Facebook Messenger.

Chart of Outage Reports for Meta's Services

Meta attributed the outage to an unspecified technical issue, with most users regaining access to its services by late afternoon. This episode highlights the potential risk of not quickly communicating about ongoing outages, raising customers’ concerns, and prompting them to change their passwords multiple times to regain access to their accounts, compounding incoming traffic to Meta platforms.

At the beginning of April, WhatsApp services went briefly offline again. Users could open the app and view their chats and history, but could not send or receive any messages. The same applied to Facebook Messenger; Instagram and Threads were less impacted. Starting at 6:10 PM UTC on April 3, 2024, Meta services, particularly WhatsApp, received many user reports on Downdetector. Between 6:00 PM and 8:30 PM UTC, WhatsApp reports amounted to over 1.7 million, much higher than that of Instagram at over 200,000 and Facebook at 35,721. Meta did not make an official statement explaining the cause of this outage.

Traditional network and application testing solutions did not detect this Meta outage because the network paths looked normal and did not exhibit any errors from the outside (using Ping-type tests). However, Downdetector identified the issue early thanks to user reports, highlighting the importance of quicker outage detection enabling faster response times.

Chart of Outage Reports for Meta's Services

Telkom in South Africa has witnessed a few network outages since March 2024

On May 13, 2024, a significant outage affected Telkom’s nationwide operations, leaving customers unable to use internet services, place calls, or send text messages. The service interruption began around 1:00 PM UTC, with user reports peaking between 1:00 PM and 3:00 PM UTC. During this window, approximately 48,433 outage reports were logged in Downdetector. Users also went to social media platforms such as X (formally Twitter) to voice their frustration. 

Although service was largely restored by 4:00 PM UTC, lingering issues persisted in some areas. Downdetector received reports well into the evening, indicating that certain users continued to face connectivity problems. In response to the inconvenience, Telkom offered all affected customers compensation of 1GB of data, valid for two days.

Chart of Outage Reports for Telkom

Analysis of the outage reported by Telkom subscribers revealed that 40% pertained to internet connectivity, while 35.2% related to mobile phone services. Almost a quarter of the complaints described the situation as a “total blackout” of the mobile network, suggesting an extensive disruption. The outage inevitably impacted access to popular online platforms, including TikTok, YouTube, and Netflix.

Chart of Outage Reports for Telkom, by Types

The root cause of Telkom’s outage on May 13, 2024, remains unspecified but it follows another disruption that occurred the day before and affected online services in South Africa and several countries on the east coast of the continent including Kenya, Tanzania, Rwanda, and Uganda. This broader disruption was attributed to damage to the undersea cable system that connects the region to the rest of the world. Customers reported slow internet speeds and intermittent service throughout the day.

A more extensive outage had previously impacted the Western and Southern parts of Africa, including South Africa, on March 14, 2024. This disruption was due to multiple failures of the undersea cables and resulted in significant economic repercussions. For example, banks were forced to close in several countries including Nigeria, and mobile users across the region faced sluggish speeds and interference with financial transactions.

Regardless of whether Telkom’s recent service disruption was directly related to the recent subsea cable damages or not, these events underscore the critical importance of this infrastructure in sustaining Africa’s connectivity with the globe and expose the vulnerabilities inherent in a communications network reliant on limited pathways. They also show the important role of South Africa in serving parts of the continent since big regional companies have data centers located in the country. 

The situation highlights the urgency for diversifying subsea cables and exploring alternative technologies, such as satellite internet from providers like Starlink, to serve as a contingency measure. However, even these technologies are not immune to challenges, as evidenced by the disruptions to Starlink in May 2024 due to a geomagnetic storm.

The network outages experienced by major service providers like Meta and AT&T emphasize that even the most extensive and relied-upon networks are susceptible to major service interruptions. Such disruptions can have a profound impact and disrupt critical services given consumers’ and businesses’ dependence on such infrastructure. The network disruptions faced by countries in Africa since March 2024 also highlight the economic risks linked to the limited number of subsea cables.

While infrastructure resilience improves over time, the complexity of modern systems means that organizations must proactively identify and mitigate network failures. Tools like Downdetector enable early detection, informed contingency planning, and transparent communication with concerned users – all essential for navigating outages and preserving user trust in an increasingly interconnected world.

If you would like to know more about Downdetector, please contact us.

Ookla retains ownership of this article including all of the intellectual property rights, data, content graphs and analysis. This article may not be quoted, reproduced, distributed or published for any commercial purpose without prior consent. Members of the press and others using the findings in this article for non-commercial purposes are welcome to publicly share and link to report information with attribution to Ookla.

| June 3, 2024

Gigabit Internet is the New Competition Ground for ISPs in the Middle East

Several Middle Eastern countries, including Bahrain, Jordan, Qatar, and the U.A.E., have emerged as leaders in fiber deployment and adoption. The introduction of gigabit packages and the increase in entry-level speeds have significantly boosted their ranking in the Speedtest Global Index®  for fixed broadband. This article examines the factors driving performance in these countries, the initiatives of ISPs to enhance indoor performance, and key enablers for wider gigabit internet adoption in the region.

Key Takeaways:

  • According to Ookla’s Speedtest Intelligence®, the U.A.E. leads the Middle East in fixed broadband performance in Q1 2024. The U.A.E. achieved a median download speed of 270.91 Mbps and an upload speed of 124.37 Mbps. Meanwhile, Bahrain and Qatar saw significant improvements in download and upload speeds, while the median download speed in Jordan rose rapidly from a small base, surpassing Saudi Arabia by Q1 2024. 
  • ISPs are addressing indoor performance bottlenecks with more modern consumer premise equipment (CPE). In-premise connectivity is crucial to guarantee maximum throughput on-premise. That is why ISPs started bundling Wi-Fi 6 compatible CPEs and deploying fiber-to-the-room (FTTR) for ubiquitous gigabit wireless access indoors.
  • Affordability is a barrier to wider gigabit adoption in the Middle East. While geography, level of competition, and government policies all impact fiber deployment, affordability is key to unlocking faster speeds in the region. Making gigabit plans more accessible can help operators boost fiber subscribers and aspiring countries to move up the Speedtest Global Index.

The U.A.E. tops the Middle East in Speedtest Global Index for fixed broadband

The analysis focuses on countries in the Middle East that are leading in fiber coverage, adoption, and speed enhancements, namely Bahrain, Jordan, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the U.A.E. These achievements were thanks to significant progress by local ISPs in extending fiber coverage, encouraging migration to higher-speed plans, and making services more affordable. Government support has been vital in accelerating fiber roll-outs to keep pace with the demand for data services and to ensure universal access to high-speed internet as part of national broadband development strategies. 

As a result, these countries continue to improve their Speedtest Global Index rankings. For example, the U.A.E rose from 18th in June 2020 to the second position in March 2024. Jordan jumped from 64th to 33rd while Bahrain jumped up 32 places to 63rd in the Index over the same period. Qatar’s position fluctuated between 29 and 45, with steady improvements since 2021. Saudi Arabia’s speed increase rate has been more modest than in other markets, causing a drop in the global ranking by 11 places to 46th in March 2024. The country is the largest in the group, which makes fiber coverage more limited outside the big cities, while there is a relatively large base of legacy copper connections.

Speedtest Global Index™ Rankings for Fixed Broadband, Select Countries in the Middle East
Speedtest Intelligence® | June 2020-March 2024
Speedtest Global Index Rankings for Fixed Broadband, Select Countries in the Middle East

Fixed broadband performance improved as faster entry-level fiber plans and gigabit packages were introduced

According to Speedtest Intelligence, the U.A.E. leads the Gulf region in median download speeds at 270.91 Mbps in Q1 2024, more than double the Q3 2022 figure. This represents the largest speed improvement among the reviewed countries. The turning point came in Q4 2022 when ISPs lifted the minimum broadband package speed from 250 Mbps to 500 Mbps and offered aggressive discounts to encourage upselling to faster fiber packages. The median upload speed also saw notable improvement, reaching 124.37 Mbps in March 2024.

Median Download Speeds for Fixed Broadband, Select Countries in the Middle East
Speedtest Intelligence® | Q1 2022-Q1 2024
Median Download Speeds for Fixed Broadband, Select Countries in the Middle East

Bahrain and Qatar also experienced significant and rapid rises in median download speeds, reaching 83.09 Mbps and 135.34 Mbps, respectively. The ISPs in the two countries saw significant improvements in upload speeds too. Users in Qatar saw the biggest jump in median upload speed, tripling from Q1 2022 to Q1 2024 to 115.74 Mbps. In Bahrain, the median upload speed increased by over 2.7x but remained the lowest of the group at 20.70 Mbps.

In Bahrain, the telecoms regulator mandated ISPs to double the speed of entry-level fiber packages in April 2023 while maintaining the same wholesale prices. This immediately impacted the market, with median broadband download speeds jumping from 48.14 Mbps in Q1 2023 to 70.17 Mbps in Q2 2023 (over 40%).

Qatar was the first country in the GCC to offer 10 Gbps consumer broadband packages. However, Ooredoo and Vodafone maintained a relatively low download speed on entry-level tariffs at 100 Mbps. This changed in June 2023, when they raised the minimum speed to 1 Gbps while offering discounts on more expensive fiber packages. These initiatives resulted in a step change in download speeds, increasing by 41% in Q1 2024 compared to Q2 2023.

Jordan began ramping up its fiber infrastructure in 2013-2014, with strong take-up since 2019 driven by increased competition, extended coverage outside the capital, and rising demand due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The launch of Fibertech, a fiber wholesale company, in 2019 significantly boosted service competition and led to more accessible and affordable fiber services for consumers. Fibertech, set up as a joint venture between ISP Umniah and Jordan Electricity Company, covered 1.2 Million households by July 2023 and planned to reach 1.4 million premises, 70% of Jordan’s households, by the end of that year.

Fiber overtook fixed wireless access (FWA) and ADSL connections in Q2 2021 and represented 56% of fixed broadband connections by the end of 2022. Fiber maintained its upward trajectory, capturing 64% of the market in 3Q 2023 with 513,744 active connections according to the last reported data from the Telecommunication Regulatory Commission (TRC)). Local ISPs have also been increasing the speed of entry-level plans and offering gigabit packages. For example, Orange Jordan introduced 2 Gbps and 10 Gbps plans in May 2023.  This accelerated fiber take-up boosted the median speeds for both download and upload, reaching 130.41 Mbps and 108.08 Mbps, respectively, in Q1 2024. Notably, Jordan doubled its median upload speed in two years, narrowing the gap with its median download speed.

In Saudi Arabia, stc led the way by increasing the minimum download speed from 100 Mbps to 300 Mbps in the summer of 2022. Mobily followed suit in 2023 by doubling the speed of its entry-level package and introducing a 1 Gbps broadband plan during Q2 2023. Zain initially reserved higher download speeds (ranging from 200 Mbps to 500 Mbps) for customers on 2-year contracts, while those on 12-month contracts received speeds between 100 Mbps and 300 Mbps. However, in 2023, Zain merged its plans into a standard 18-month contract starting at 200 Mbps, with 1 Gbps at the high end. These initiatives began to impact the market in Q2 2023, when the median download speed surpassed 90 Mbps for the first time, reaching 108.95 Mbps by Q1 2024. Upload speeds also saw significant growth, rising to 53.75 Mbps during this period.

Speedtest Intelligence’s Enrichment API allows us to track the adoption and performance of individual fixed broadband technologies and assess their impact on the Saudi market. For example, the fiber share of stc Speedtest samples has been growing – fiber represented 75.4% of Speedtest samples in March 2024, up from 69.9% in Q4 2023. This increased fiber adoption contributed to raising overall fixed broadband performance across download, upload, and latency metrics and widened the performance gap with legacy DSL lines. This result also highlights the potential for further improvement if most samples (and by extension, customers) switch to fiber.

DSL and Fiber Performance, Saudi Arabia
Speedtest Intelligence® | Q4 2022 – Q1 2024
DSL and Fiber Performance, Saudi Arabia

Improving indoor coverage is key to ensuring maximum fiber performance delivery to customers

ISPs in the analyzed countries have rapidly expanded their fiber footprint and migrated customers to faster broadband services, helping to increase the median download speed. However, the last few meters indoors, closer to the end-users, can be a potential bottleneck to achieving maximum throughput. To address this, local ISPs have taken steps such as:

  • Offering upgraded CPEs that support Wi-Fi 6. The choice of Wi-Fi standards and spectrum bands directly influences indoor connectivity quality, throughput, and network coverage. Our recent analysis found that over one-third of test samples in the Gulf region reported using Wi-Fi 4 to connect to the fixed CPE. More ISPs are now offering Wi-Fi 6 compatible CPEs and including additional mesh Wi-Fi nodes at no extra costs to improve indoor coverage and speed.
  • Deploying fiber-to-the-room (FTTR). This relatively new technology involves deploying and extending fiber connectivity to each room, usually through transparent cables, to provide ubiquitous gigabit wireless access. ISPs started deploying this technology in East Asia to differentiate their broadband offering and it is now being adopted by ISPs in the Middle East, including Jordan (Umniah and Zain), Qatar (Ooredoo), Saudi Arabia (Salam, stc), and the U.A.E. (Etisalat by e&).

Making gigabit internet more accessible will unlock faster speeds and drive wider adoption

Countries with small landmasses and populations, and high urbanization, such as Singapore, the U.A.E., Hong Kong (SAR), Iceland, and Monaco, top the Global Speedtest Index. While such geographical and demographic characteristics give an advantage to smaller nations as they facilitate the deployment of fiber infrastructure, other factors including market competition, government support, and service affordability are key to driving mass adoption.

Many of the top 10 markets in the Global Speedtest Index have multiple ISPs competing which drives investments in better technology and continuous upgrades to attract customers. A competitive landscape benefits consumers because it helps to keep prices relatively low. It also accelerates increases in median speeds as ISPs tend to offer free speed upgrades to existing customers. For example, in Hong Kong (which had 28 licensed ISPs as of March 2024) and Singapore, gigabit broadband speeds have been available to residential customers since the early 2010s, and ISPs have eliminated sub-1 Gbps plans. As a result, 85% of residential homes in Singapore and 68.0% in Hong Kong have at least 1 Gbps services. Chile, Latin America’s leader in fixed line performance and fourth in the Speedtest Global Index in Q1 2024, has six ISPs with more than 5% market share, all of which are heavily focused on migrating customers to fiber.

Governments in these leading countries have also prioritized strong digital infrastructure development with significant investment in infrastructure. For example, China has pursued a state-coordinated infrastructure deployment program to promote economic development. In France, the government’s “France Très Haut Débit” initiative aimed to provide fiber optic access to all citizens by 2025 through public-private partnerships. The Singaporean government invested S$1 billion to build the infrastructure of its National Broadband Network (NBN) which supported speeds of up to 10 Gbps and reached more than 95% premises in 2013. In February 2023, it announced an additional investment of up to S$100 million to upgrade the NBN to enable more than half a million households to benefit from speeds of up to 10Gbps by 2028.

While the broadband infrastructure in some countries from the Middle East is gigabit internet-ready, the disparity in income and the high price of these packages hinder the adoption rate of high-speed broadband services. For example, a 1 Gbps fiber line in Hong Kong or Singapore could cost as little as $30 per month, and a plan with a similar speed starts at $100 per month in Qatar,  $150 in the U.A.E., $250 in Saudi Arabia, and $345 in Bahrain. This highlights the need to make gigabit plans more affordable if the operators want to boost fiber subscribers and countries aspire to move up the Speedtest Global Index.

As demand for high-speed internet continues to grow, we expect increased adoption of 10 Gbps speeds to support more demanding applications and improve the user experience. Work is underway in some developed markets to build higher-capacity broadband networks to enable new cases and make the infrastructure future-ready. For example, In March 2024, Hong Kong Telecom announced the availability of 50 Gbps lines for residential and business customers. This trend is slowly emerging in the Middle East – Etisalat by E& in the U.A.E and Ooredoo in Qatar announced early experiments with 50G PON technology. We anticipate continued innovation and competition in the region, driving further advancements that will ultimately benefit end-users by delivering faster and more affordable gigabit connectivity options.

For more information about Speedtest Intelligence data and insights, please contact us.

Ookla retains ownership of this article including all of the intellectual property rights, data, content graphs and analysis. This article may not be quoted, reproduced, distributed or published for any commercial purpose without prior consent. Members of the press and others using the findings in this article for non-commercial purposes are welcome to publicly share and link to report information with attribution to Ookla.

| May 15, 2024

Qatar Shone During AFC Asian Cup 2023 on the Pitch and in Mobile 5G Performance

Following the FIFA World Cup® 2022, the first in the Middle East and the pioneering global football competition to be supported by 5G networks, Qatar welcomed an estimated 1.5 million fans for the 18th edition of the Asian Football Confederation’s (AFC) Asian Cup from 12 January to 10 February 2024. This article examines the performance of 5G networks in selected stadiums during the event and compares it to the 2022 FIFA World Cup and other major international sporting events in 2023 and 2024. 

Key takeaways

  • Qatar tops Ookla’s Speedtest Global Index®. Qatar moved into the top spot of the Speedtest Index in February 2024, surpassing the United Arab Emirates (UAE). This result showcases operators’ commitment to delivering the best network performance for visitors and residents.
  • Qatari stadiums delivered world-class 5G network performance. All six stadiums we tracked during the competition had a median download speed of at least 600 Mbps. The Ahmed bin Ali Stadium took a top spot with a speed of 964.33 Mbps, ranking favorably in the leaderboard of global sporting events, second only to the Super Bowl® in the U.S.
  • Superior network capabilities significantly enhanced web browsing and real-time online services. The high download speeds combined with ultra-low latency, under 34 ms across the stadiums, suggest that fans experienced minimal lag when streaming, video calling, or gaming online. The web browsing experience over 5G was excellent, evidenced by the low webpage load times ranging from 1.0 to 1.4 seconds.

Qatar was well-prepared for the AFC Asian Cup, drawing from its experience as the host of the 2022 FIFA World Cup 

Operators should prepare in advance and invest heavily in upgrading infrastructure in preparation for large sporting events. 5G is helping to transform the live event experience, creating a more engaging and interactive experience. Spectators and fans expect to share their experiences with friends and family through social media and stream the actions while watching live action from the pitch and replays from multiple angles and enjoy augmented reality games and services.

The AFC Asian Cup 2023 concluded in February 2024 with the host nation, Qatar, beating Jordan 3-1. Matches were played in nine stadiums across five cities as part of the international football tournament that involved 24 national teams.

It follows the successful organization of the World Cup 2022 in the country that saw 5G networks support 2.45 million cumulative stadium spectators and set a high standard, surpassing other major events like the French Open and Wimbledon in terms of 5G download speeds. The two local operators, Vodafone and Ooredoo, invested heavily in 5G infrastructure in preparation for this regional sporting event. 

The analysis covers eight stadiums across five cities. We used Speedtest Intelligence® to examine download and upload speeds and multi-server latencies for 5G within 200m of the stadiums’ center throughout the tournament for both operators combined. We also used Consumer QoE™ data with the same criteria to determine web page load time, reflecting the quality of supporters’ experiences, whether posting a picture or a message on Facebook or checking their live scores.

Map of Stadiums Analyzed with Speedtest Intelligence® and Consumer QoE™ During AFC Asia Cup 2023 in Qatar

Qatar outdid itself with ever better mobile 5G performance during AFC Asian Cup 2023

We used Speedtest Intelligence data to observe performance in the lead-up to and during the AFC Asian Cup. From September 2023 to February 2024, Qatar witnessed significant advancements in 5G network speed.  The median 5G download speed rose from 441.46 Mbps to 607.0 Mbps, and the upload speed increased from 24.79 Mbps to 36.66 Mbps. 

Chart of 5G Performance in Qatar

Qatar welcomed over 1 million visitors during the group stage, beating the previous AFC record achieved 20 years ago during the 2004 tournament in China. During that period, Ooredoo reported 190 TB of data volume while 5G usage share reached 50.1%. The tournament concluded with an estimated 1.5 million fans attending 51 games. The final match attracted over 86,000 fans at Lusail Stadium, where Ooredoo reported total data traffic of 35TB and delivered an average download speed of 244 Mbps and an upload speed of 50 Mbps.

These improvements contributed to elevating Qatar’s ranking to the number one position on the Speedtest Global Index® in February 2024, surpassing the United Arab Emirates, with a median download speed of 286.42 Mbps across all technologies. Qatar maintained its top spot in March 2024, following the Asian Cup, with a median download speed of 313.3 Mbps. To increase capacity and improve speed, operators have been deploying additional 5G sites and activating new 5G carriers, delivering exceptional network performance for their customers.

Qatari stadiums delivered world-class 5G network performance during the Asian Cup

Speedtest Intelligence data show that all six surveyed stadiums recorded a median 5G download speed of over 600 Mbps and a median upload speed of over 90 Mbps.  We identified two distinct groups based on their 5G performance:

  • The first group is where fans experienced the fastest speeds. It is led by Ahmed bin Ali Stadium, with a median download speed on 5G of 964.33 Mbps, followed by  Al-Janoub Stadium and Khalifa International Stadium, with median download speeds of 899.27 Mbps and 888.36 Mbps, respectively. 
  • The second group of stadiums had weaker performance overall but still commanded very high speeds, ranging from 602.20 Mbps for Education City Stadium to 730.73 Mbps for Al Bayt Stadium.

The leading stadiums in terms of median download speed also excelled in upload, with speeds exceeding 108 Mbps. Ahmed bin Ali Stadium and Al-Janoub Stadium had upload speeds of 110.46 Mbps and 110.87 Mbps, respectively. Education City Stadium was at the bottom of the list but still offered excellent download and upload speeds.

Chart of Median 5G Performance of Select Stadiums During AFC Asian Cup 2023 in Qatar

There has been a marked improvement in 5G network performance around the stadiums when comparing the 2023 AFC Cup to the FIFA World Cup in 2022. Al Janub Stadium, previously the top performer, saw an 18.7% increase in download speed to 757.77 Mbps. However, Ahmed bin Ali Stadium surpassed it with a 54.5% increase, reaching 964.33 Mbps in 2024. Khalifa International Stadium saw the most significant improvement since World Cup 2022, an increase in download speed to 888.36 Mbps. Al Bayt Stadium’s median download speed also climbed to 730.73 Mbps.

Chart of Median Download Speeds of Select Stadiums During AFC Asian Cup 2023 and FIFA World Cup 2022 in Qatar

Significant 5G performance improvements during the AFC Asian Cup propelled the six Qatari stadiums to rank favorably against other major sporting venues in the region and beyond, with the six surveyed stadiums used in AFC Cup 2023 just behind Allegiant Stadium in Las Vegas where the Super Bowl took place in 2024.

Chart of Median 5G Performance of Select Stadiums During AFC Asian Cup 2023 in Qatar

Latency is crucial for streaming, video calling, and online gaming and measures real-time online interactions. AFC stadiums had a tight range of multi-server latencies for 5G, except for Khalifa International Stadium. The latter had a lower latency at 20.3 ms, offering less lag and a better streaming experience than Al Bayt Stadium, which had a much higher latency at 33.8 ms. Fans in the other stadium experienced decent response times, ranging from 30.5 ms in Lusail Stadium to 32.7 ms in Education City Stadium.

Chart of Median 5G Multi-server Latency of Select Stadiums During AFC Asian Cup 2023 in Qatar

Web browsing performance across stadiums was excellent during the competition

We used Consumer QoE data to explore web page load time over 5G. These measurements reflect consumers’ real-world experiences of using the internet, like accessing social media sites and searching for information online. Accessing these services with little or no delay means less customer frustration and increased satisfaction. 

For this analysis, we included Abdullah bin Nasser bin Khalifa and Jassim bin Hamad Stadiums due to their larger data samples compared to Education City Stadium. The data shows that users experienced very quick webpage load times over 5G in all surveyed stadiums, with median load times ranging from 1.4 seconds to as low as 1.1 seconds. Fans in Abdullah bin Nasser bin Khalifa and Al-Janoub Stadiums enjoyed marginally faster webpage load times than those in other venues.

Chart of Internet Page Load Time of Select Stadiums During AFC Asian Cup 2023 in Qatar

The introduction of 5G has undoubtedly opened up new possibilities for enhancing the stadium experience for fans and spectators. Thanks to its high speed and low latency, 5G can enable more immersive and personalized experiences beyond traditional live viewing. Insights from the latest AFC Cup demonstrate how Qatar elevated its stadium mobile infrastructure to a world-class level, surpassing its notable efforts during the FIFA World Cup 2022.  This achievement also reflects the significant investments made by network operators to enhance 5G performance and ensure a great internet experience for fans and spectators alike.

To find out how Ookla’s crowdsourced data and analytical tools can help you track network performance during major sporting events, contact us.

Ookla retains ownership of this article including all of the intellectual property rights, data, content graphs and analysis. This article may not be quoted, reproduced, distributed or published for any commercial purpose without prior consent. Members of the press and others using the findings in this article for non-commercial purposes are welcome to publicly share and link to report information with attribution to Ookla.

| March 19, 2024

Sunsetting Networks in Africa will be Gradual and More Selective Than in Other Regions

We recently examined operators’ plans for sunsetting 2G and 3G networks in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) and highlighted the benefits and challenges of phasing out legacy networks. In contrast, Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is just beginning this journey, with South Africa leading the way compared to other large markets like Nigeria, as it aims to shut down 2G and 3G by 2027. This article examines the factors contributing to slower progress in SSA and suggests how operators might expedite the transition.

Key Takeaways:

  • Sunsetting is not yet a priority for most African operators. The shift from 2G/3G to more advanced technologies will be slower in Africa due to economic, social, and infrastructural factors as well as the strong dependence on existing legacy ecosystems. A gradual approach is recommended to maintain digital inclusiveness in Africa.
  • South Africa is the only country in SSA with an established plan to sunset 2G and 3G networks. Cell Analytics® data shows a large concentration of 2G and 3G users in suburban and rural areas as well as along transportation routes. South Africa plans to decommission these networks by 2027, but most countries, including Nigeria, have not yet set a date. We expect network sunsetting to be in full swing from 2030 onwards.
  • Operators should strike a balance between driving progress and maintaining the inclusivity of their services. African operators should continue to support and potentially expand their legacy networks to ensure continued access to critical communication services for most of the population while investing in the roll-out of 4G and 5G networks.

Network sunsetting could play a key role in addressing the growing demand for data and spectrum in Africa

More operators are contemplating turning off their 2G and/or 3G networks to refarm their existing spectrum and combine it with other bands to enhance 4G and 5G services, promising faster data speeds, lower latency, and enhanced connectivity. At the same time, operators seek to optimize spectrum utilization as it is a scarce and expensive resource. 

Our previous article delved into how decommissioning 2G or 3G networks can boost efficiency, reduce costs, and improve customer satisfaction. We also emphasized the importance of careful planning to minimize service disruption and potential financial and reputational damage.

2G and 3G network sunsetting across Africa is evolving very slowly, with no country on the continent having completed the transition yet. This delay in transitioning to newer network technologies has significant implications on the ability of the population to access high-speed internet which is vital for socio-economic development. It is important to explore the reasons behind the slow progress and identify potential strategies to overcome the challenges associated with sunsetting old networks.

3G remains the most prevalent network technology in SSA, but 4G will overtake it by 2027. The GSMA predicts that 3G’s share of connections will fall below 50% in 2025, while 2G adoption will decline under 10%. 4G connections will almost double between 2022 and 2030 to represent nearly half of the total, overtaking 3G by the end of 2027. Continued network upgrades and better device affordability will drive this surge. While 5G adoption will initially be slow, it is anticipated to gain momentum during the second half of the decade, reaching 17% by 2030. This shift will lead to a fourfold increase in mobile data traffic per smartphone by 2028, a higher rate than any other region, to 19 GB per month.

Network sunsetting is more important in SSA because of limited spectrum availability and the rapid growth in demand for faster-speed data services. As regulators released only a small quantity of spectrum, operators resorted to refarming existing spectrum bands to deploy 4G and 5G services. The low-frequency bands occupied by earlier network technologies are valuable due to their excellent propagation characteristics, making them ideal for fulfilling coverage obligations with 4G and 5G.

Network sunsetting in Africa is hampered by the prevalence of legacy infrastructure and the high cost of migrating customers

Many parts of the continent still heavily rely on legacy technology and will continue to do so in the short-to-medium term. This reliance makes the transition to newer generation networks more challenging and costly. In 2023, 3G represented 55% of mobile connections in SSA and is expected to represent a third of total connections by 2030. 

This shows that many revenue-generating customers are still on legacy networks. Operators are understandably hesitant to risk service disruptions and incur the significant investment and planning required to upgrade the infrastructure, which will make the transition more challenging and lengthier. Besides, 3G was launched less than a decade ago in several countries. In Burundi, Cameroon, Ethiopia, and Liberia, some operators have only introduced 3G services since 2019 or later, meaning the network costs have not yet been fully amortized. 

In the enterprise sector, Africa hosts millions of machine-to-machine (M2M) devices, some of them in difficult-to-reach geographies or embedded in cars and equipment, making replacement or upgrades challenging. For example, South Africa had 11.5 million M2M connections in Q3 2022, according to the Independent Communications Authority of South Africa (ICASA), while Kenya recorded more than 1.5 million M2M connections in Q3 2023.

Despite the expansion of mobile networks in many African countries, coverage gaps persist, posing a connectivity challenge. If operators decide to rush the decommissioning of older networks, they could leave many people losing mobile access, thus widening the digital divide. 2G is particularly suitable for the region’s large rural population because 2G base stations can provide good coverage across large distances. That is why in many African countries, 2G coverage of the population has reached or exceeded 90% while that of 3G and 4G lag behind.

The prevalence of basic and feature phones across the continent is another barrier. Handset compatibility issues with newer technologies and the higher costs of smartphones and data plans represent significant hurdles for low-income populations, complicating the transition process.

Finally, operators may face regulatory challenges when retiring old technologies. Spectrum freed from legacy networks may not be readily available for new networks after the switch-off if it is tied to a specific technology. Repurposing it for modern networks can also be a bureaucratic and time-consuming process.

African operators can adopt different strategies to address challenges that hinder the sunsetting process

The challenges outlined above contribute to the slower rate of network sunsetting in Africa compared to other regions. However, operators can employ various strategies to facilitate the decommissioning process while mitigating the negative impact on revenue and brand.

The decision to sunset one network before another should be informed by market conditions, including the number of customers that use legacy networks, the cost of maintaining their operations, and the dependency of enterprise services on these networks. In either case, it is important to adopt a phased approach to sunsetting, prioritizing areas with higher 4G coverage first, before moving to rural and remote regions. This approach will help to minimize disruption and allow users more time to prepare for the transition.

Operators could encourage subscribers to upgrade to newer devices that support 4G and 5G networks through incentives such as handset trade-in programs or subsidies for low-income individuals. They should couple it with awareness campaigns to educate subscribers about the benefits of newer networks and the steps they need to take to ensure a smooth migration.

Operators should also communicate early about potential service disruptions and the timeline for the switch-off to make the necessary adjustments to their M2M systems. For example, they could offer incentives or subsidies to upgrade to 4G-grade M2M technologies, such as LTE-M, which offer longer usable life, larger operating range, and higher data rates. Offering assistance to enterprises to address any network compatibility and reliability issues during and after the migration is also essential. The regulator should be involved in the discussions around sunset plans as it may require operators to maintain some capacity and coverage for critical IoT infrastructure.

For spectrum reuse, operators should lobby the regulators for technology-neutral licenses, enabling them to use the old spectrum once released. Reducing regulatory constraints and requirements will help to improve network coverage and reduce capital expenditure. A recent GSMA report highlights that countries in Africa that adopted technology-neutral licensing have seen a 30% rise in mobile internet penetration, and a 74% improvement in 4G coverage, in contrast to 24% and 57%, respectively, for countries without such licensing.

Network sunsetting is not yet a priority in Africa given the prevalence of 2G and 3G connections

2G will likely remain important during the rollout of 4G and 5G for years to come because it supports essential consumer services in Africa, including voice, basic information, and mobile money transactions. As 4G provides a much better data experience than 3G, operators will likely consider sunsetting 3G before 2G. We used Speedtest Intelligence’s “Availability” data to get the percentage of users with a service-active device who spend the majority of their time connected to 2G and 3G in Nigeria and South Africa, the two largest markets in Sub-Saharan Africa by revenue. This data is a proxy for the relative penetration of 2G and 3G in these markets. Since customer-initiated Speedtest® measurements require a relatively modern phone, samples reported as 2G or 3G indicate the unavailability of 4G and 5G coverage rather than actual 2G and 3G usage. As such, we rely on this data solely to gauge the relative penetration of 2G and 3G in these markets. 

Speedtest Intelligence® data showed that the 2G/3G share of connections has been trending down in Nigeria and South Africa throughout 2023. By February 2024, 3G penetration in Nigeria was at 7.4% and in South Africa at 4.3%, with 2G penetration significantly lower at 0.7% and 0.4%, respectively. This suggests that more subscribers in Nigeria than in South Africa spend the majority of their time on 2G/3G.

According to the Nigerian Communications Commission (NCC), 67.6% of subscribers used 2G or 3G as of December 2023. ICASA in South Africa does not publish detailed mobile connection technology data. However, we can estimate that 2G/3G subscribers accounted for around 35-40% of total connections in South Africa at the end of 2023 based on Speedtest Intelligence and NCC data. Since South Africa is the most developed mobile market in SSA, the penetration of legacy networks is expected to be much higher in less developed markets.

Chart of Share of2G and 3G Samples of Total in Nigeria
Chart of Share of2G and 3G Samples of Total in South Africa

Network sunsetting is not yet on the table for Nigerian operators

Nigeria’s journey with 5G began in December 2022 with the auctions for 5G licenses using the 3500 MHz spectrum band. MTN and ISP Mafab Communications emerged as winners. Airtel acquired its 5G license about a year later. MTN launched 5G in September 2022, initially in seven cities, expanding to 300 cities by the end of 2023. Despite this, 5G adoption has been limited, with 4G capturing a growing market share and 5G representing just 1.0% of mobile subscribers by the end of 2023.

This is mainly due to limited 5G coverage, device affordability, and customer demand. ITU’s report shows that while 94% and 87% of the population had access to 2G and 3G coverage, respectively, only 6% could access 5G at the end of 2022. Furthermore, 58% of the urban population had a smartphone at the end of 2022, compared to only 32% in rural areas, according to the GSMA.

Call Analytics® identified areas with 2G and 3G concentration between February 2023 and January 2024 in high-population centers, Abuja, Ibadan, and Lagos. The red dots on the map pinpoint customers connected to 2G and 3G because they have SIM cards not provisioned for LTE (including roamers), lack 4G coverage, or use devices incompatible with 4G.

Data shows that mobile operators still heavily rely on 2G and 3G networks to provide connectivity across city centers, suburban regions, rural areas, and along transport routes. With the rising cost of living, people are expected to reduce their data usage and continue using 2G and 3G devices due to budget constraints and increasing mobile phone prices. Notably, Nigeria’s annual inflation rate reached a nearly 30-year high of 28.9% in December 2023 due to currency devaluation, reduction of subsidies, and foreign exchange liberalization. 

The combination of high living expenses and Nigeria’s extensive geography suggests the full transition to modern networks will be slow and gradual while 2G and 3G networks remain in operation for the foreseeable future. This is evidenced by MTN and Airtel’s renewal of their 2100MHz spectrum license in 2022, primarily for 3G uses while progressing with 5G deployment. An operator can choose to repurpose that spectrum for 4G and 5G in the future or use dynamic spectrum sharing to share it between different technologies. 

South Africa plans to turn off 2G and 3G by the end of 2027

Local operators have long awaited the release of new spectrum to enhance 4G services and launch 5G. Faced with this delay, Vodacom and MTN introduced 5G services in May and June 2020 using the emergency spectrum granted by ICASA during COVID-19 and refarming some of their existing spectrum assets on 2G and 3G.

The much-anticipated spectrum auction was finally completed in March 2022 with spectrum bands across 700 MHz, 800 MHz, 2.6 GHz, and 3.5 GHz bands awarded to six operators Cell C, Liquid Intelligent Technologies, MTN, Rain, Telkom, and Vodacom. 

Cell Analytics’ Service Availability maps show that 2G and 3G remain prevalent in suburban and rural areas of major cities like Cape Town, Johannesburg, and Pretoria. While South Africa leads SSA in 4G and 5G penetration, 3G is still widespread and offers a satisfactory experience for basic use cases like checking the news. 2G is less relevant since it supports mainly voice services but occupies a valuable sub-1Ghz spectrum which could be repurposed for more efficient technologies.

In light of this, the Department of Communications and Digital Technologies (DCDT) proposed a plan in 2022 to sunset 2G and 3G networks to free up spectrum for 5G and future technologies. Initially, the plan aimed to shut down 2G and 3G networks by the end of June 2024 and March 2025, respectively. The DCDT subsequently extended the deadlines twice to give more time for the operators to prepare for the transition. The most recent amendment was in February 2024, scheduling the phase-out to begin in June 2025 and conclude by the end of 2027. It will also include new spectrum auctions, likely to take place in 2024

The revised deadline seems to be more practical, but it still needs to be discussed with all the stakeholders to make sure that the end-users and businesses don’t face any challenges during this transition. The DCDT will allow operators to choose which network to switch off first. Based on operators’ current positions on network retirement, 3G will likely be the first to go:

  • Vodacom’s initial plan was to end 3G services before 2G, but their latest stance is less definitive. Their decision will significantly impact Cell C, whose contract customers use Vodacom’s network.
  • Telkom has already shut down most 2G services as they account for less than 1% of its traffic.
  • MTN suggested that 3G should be shut down before 2G, as migrating 2G devices to 4G will take longer than moving from 3G. This presents a challenge as MTN has the highest proportion of 3G samples in South Africa, (according to Speedtest data) at 6.35% in January 2024 compared to 3.4% for Vodacom and 3.3% for Telkom.

A phased approach to retiring networks, with consideration for affordability and coverage, is essential to maintain digital inclusiveness

The sunsetting of 2G and 3G networks is a global trend, led by developed countries. It promises to bring benefits like faster data speeds, improved connectivity, and more efficient spectrum usage. Yet, Sub-Saharan Africa trails in this transition because of the heavy reliance on legacy networks, the cost barrier to the operators and consumers, and the unequal distribution of new network infrastructure, especially in poorer regions. 

2G and 3G networks form the backbone of mobile communications for a large proportion of the population, enabling vital services such as voice and mobile money transactions. Operators thus face the challenge of investing in advanced network rollouts while maintaining and even expanding their legacy networks to ensure everyone has access to communication services. 

Using network analytical tools such as Ookla’s Speedtest Intelligence and Cell Analytics can provide valuable insights to help prepare for network decommissioning. These tools can track the progress of the switch off, and monitor its impact on network and spectrum usage as well as gauge consumer sentiment, ensuring that the transition to 4G and 5G is as smooth and beneficial.

Ookla retains ownership of this article including all of the intellectual property rights, data, content graphs and analysis. This article may not be quoted, reproduced, distributed or published for any commercial purpose without prior consent. Members of the press and others using the findings in this article for non-commercial purposes are welcome to publicly share and link to report information with attribution to Ookla.

| February 14, 2024

Weighing the Pros and Cons of Legacy Network Sunsetting in MENA

Operators seek additional spectrum, a generally scarce and costly resource, to improve the coverage and capacity of 4G and 5G networks. This need led to the decommissioning of legacy technologies and the refarming (i.e. repurposing) of existing spectrum. In this article, we examine operators’ plans for sunsetting 2G and 3G networks in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA), focusing on developments in Oman, Saudi Arabia, and the U.A.E. We evaluate the impact of network shutdowns on performance and customer satisfaction for operators that completed the process and highlight key considerations for a successful network transition to mitigate commercial and brand risks.

Key Takeaways:

  • Sunsetting legacy networks contribute to improvements in performance and customer satisfaction. For example, Zain Bahrain, which decommissioned its 3G at the end of 2022, saw its median download speed increase from 58.43 Mbps in Q2 2022 to 88.52 Mbps in Q2 2023, while customer satisfaction ratings climbed steadily throughout 2023.
  • Gulf operators are generally on track to phase out their old networks by the end of 2024. Our data indicate that 3G share of samples in Oman dropped to 4.7% by the close of 2023 in anticipation of the scheduled shutdown of 3G services by Q3 2024. In Saudi Arabia, stc saw its 3G share of samples fall sharply in 2023, suggesting that the phase-out process is nearing completion. Meanwhile, 2G share of samples in the UAE dropped rapidly in 2023 as operators planned to turn off 2G by the end of the year.
  • A carefully managed, phased approach is crucial to minimize service disruption during the transition from 2G/3G to advanced networks. Retiring old technology can reduce operating and maintenance costs, optimize spectrum use, simplify network management, and accelerate service innovation. However, operators need to take into consideration existing deployments, potential revenue loss, traffic on older networks, and market readiness for 4G and 5G.

Network sunsetting – still an emerging trend in MENA

Operators across the globe are prioritizing the retirement of 2G and 3G networks to refarm spectrum for the more efficient 4G and 5G technologies. This shift aims to lower their operating costs and direct investments from maintaining outdated systems to deploying more efficient networks that support faster speeds and greater capacity.

The decision of which network to turn off first and the associated timeline varies depending on market conditions and operator readiness. In Asia, operators in China and Japan opted to decommission 2G networks while in Europe, operators typically retire (or plan to retire) 3G before 2G due to the latter’s widespread use in Internet of Things (IoT) applications in the utility and automotive industries. In the U.S.A., the three main operators, AT&T, T-Mobile, and Verizon completed their 3G sunsetting in 2022. However, that has not happened without hiccups. For example, carmakers including BMW, Ford, Porsche, and Volkswagen faced lawsuits because some of their car models’ connected services were rendered obsolete due to the 3G shutdown

The MENA region had fewer completed and planned legacy sunsets compared to Asia and Europe, with diverse strategies between and within markets. For example, in Bahrain, Batelco shut down its 2G network in November 2021, while competitors, stc and Zain, turned off their 3G networks in 2022. We expect network sunsets to peak by 2025 in the region as 4G becomes more prevalent, and 5G gathers momentum in the region. Some operators in Bahrain and Jordan, have either completed or made significant progress in their sunsetting efforts. Operators in Oman, Saudi Arabia, Tunisia, and the U.A.E. either initiated the process of sunsetting 2G or 3G or will do so within 1 to 2 years.

Chart Timeline of Planned and Completed 2G and 3G Switch-offs, Middle East and North Africa

Network sunsetting can increase efficiency, reduce costs, and improve customer satisfaction

The phasing out of older technologies enables operators to greatly simplify network management since maintaining multiple radio technologies requires significant resources and personnel expertise. By streamlining their infrastructure, operators can reduce operational costs, direct resources towards optimizing 4G and 5G networks, and deploy innovative services based on newer technologies.

4G and 5G are also many times more spectral efficient than their predecessors. That means that modern networks can transmit much more data over the same spectrum than previous standards, and support more users per cell site. According to Coleago Consulting, while 2G and 3G can deliver 0.16 and 0.8 bits/Hz, respectively, 4G with a 2×2 MIMO antenna can deliver 1.9 bits/Hz, and the figure jumps to 4.8 bits per hertz for 5G with advanced 16×16 MIMO. This efficiency gain is important as the demand for high-speed and low-latency services grows in the MENA region. GSMA Intelligence expects mobile data traffic per smartphone will quadruple in Sub-Saharan Africa by 2028 to 19 GB per month, while the Middle East and North Africa will experience more than a threefold increase to 37 GB per month.

Refarming spectrum for 4G or 5G not only boosts capacity and expands service coverage but also saves operators from the expensive process of bidding for new spectrum. By freeing up the 900 MHz, 1800 MHz, and 2100 MHz bands, commonly used for 2G and 3G, operators can take advantage of their superior propagation characteristics to extend 4G/5G reach with fewer sites.

Furthermore, modern network equipment is more energy-efficient than older systems. This can help operators reduce their energy costs, lower OPEX, and progress towards sustainability goals. Case in point, Vodafone (UK) reported that sending 1 TB of data across 5G will use just 7% of the energy required for the same transfer over 3G. O2 Telefónica (UK) claimed a 90% reduction in power consumption per transmitted byte following the retirement of its 3G network in 2021.

The deployment of modern technologies also translates to greater throughput and potentially reduced costs for end-users. Ookla’s Speedtest Intelligence® data shows that operators that deactivated 2G or 3G networks improved their median download and upload speeds. For example, Zain Bahrain began 3G sunsetting in February 2022, refarmed the 2100 MHz spectrum, and gained access to 20 MHz bandwidth of contiguous spectrum. This move improved 4G capacity and spectral efficiency compared to using carrier aggregation. Switching off the 3G network at the end of 2022 (the first in the Middle East) combined with more 4G sites deployed resulted in increasing the operator’s median download speed from 58.43 Mbps in Q2 2022 to 88.52 Mbps in Q2 2023 while customer satisfaction ratings climbed steadily throughout 2023.

Chart of Median Download and Upload Speed for Zain, Bahrain

Operators should carefully plan the network sunsetting process to minimize service disruption

Careful planning is essential to minimize service disruption and negative impacts on finances and brand. Since this process should involve many stakeholders, including enterprise customers, and consumers, operators should expect 2 to 4 years to complete the switch-off.

Pulling the plug on 2G or 3G means disconnecting many consumers who use voice and SMS, potentially leading to massive churn and exacerbating the digital divide. The question becomes then whether these users can afford to acquire a feature phone or a smartphone and upgrade to 4G and 5G plans. The impact on inbound roamers, who might face connectivity issues or be unable to access emergency services, and the potential loss of roaming revenue are additional considerations. 

Insights into the usage patterns of 2G and 3G services and the volume of inbound roamers lacking LTE roaming agreements with local operators are vital to assess the financial impact. Operators should gradually turn off their legacy networks based on traffic, prioritizing areas with minimum 2G/3G activity and excellent 4G/5G coverage. Regions with high 2G/3G presence should be last to transition.

We used Ookla’s Cell Analytics™ to identify geographical regions with a concentration of 2G and 3G users in three countries, Oman, Saudi Arabia, and the U.A.E., that plan to sunset either or both technologies. The red dots on the map pinpoint customers connected to 2G and 3G because they have SIM cards not provisioned for LTE (including roamers), lack 4G coverage, or use devices incompatible with 4G. The maps below provide a high-level view of the coverage and activity level of the legacy network in each city. We used background measurements captured in December 2023.

The analysis reveals that operators in Oman and the U.A.E. are ahead in migrating customers from 2G/3G and ensuring comprehensive 4G/5G coverage, even in rural areas and along highways. In contrast, Saudi Arabia still relies significantly on 2G and 3G networks for connectivity within city centers, suburban areas, rural regions, and along transport corridors. Given the vast geography of this market, the full transition to modern networks is likely to take longer than in Oman and the U.A.E.

Operators in MENA are at different stages of decommissioning their 2G and 3G networks

We used network “Availability” data from Speedtest Intelligence to get the percentage of users with a service-active device who spend the majority of their time connected to 2G and 3G (including while roaming) between January and December 2023 in Oman, Saudi Arabia, and the U.A.E.. This data serves as a proxy for the proportion of samples that accessed 2G or 3G networks out of all network measurements. 

In Oman, 3G usage has been steadily decreasing. The percentage of 3G samples dropped from 7.9% in January 2023 to 4.7% in December of the same year. If this trend continues, operators should be well-positioned to turn off 3G around Q3 2024 as planned with little disruption to customer experience. Indeed, in 2023, Ooredoo initiated the process of ‘future-proofing’ IoT devices, such as home security systems and fitness trackers, that use 3G networks. The telecoms regulator TRA also plans a trial to gauge the challenges of a 3G shutdown, alongside mandating VoLTE enablement on all smartphones to facilitate a smooth transition.

Chart of Share of2G and 3G Samples of Total in Oman

In Saudi Arabia, despite initial plans to sunset 2G networks in 2022, a substantial segment of the market continues to use 2G SIMs according to our data, fluctuating around 1% throughout 2023. Mobily had the lowest proportion of 2G samples at 0.4% in December 2023, and Zain had the highest at 1.7%. 

In 2020, stc planned to switch off its 3G network in 2022, later postponed to 2023. Speedtest Intelligence data revealed that 3G share of 4.3% at stc in January 2023 before falling sharply throughout the rest of 2023. This suggests that stc nearly completed or has already completed its 3G shutdown. Mobily and Zain have yet to announce their 3G decommissioning plans, with the technology representing 3.9% and 3.6% of total samples, respectively, at the end of 2023.

Chart of Share of2G and 3G Samples of Total in Saudi Arabia

The U.A.E. telecoms regulator, TRA, initially set a deadline for the 2G shutdown by the end of 2022, which was later deferred to the end of 2023 to allow operators to coordinate with businesses that rely on 2G for equipment connectivity, such as vehicle-tracking devices and POS devices. Operators have been offering to upgrade or replace those devices to support LTE CAT-M1 (LTE-M), a category of 4G that is adapted for IoT. While Speedtest Intelligence data does not capture IoT connections, it shows that 2G share of samples has dwindled rapidly in 2023, representing around 0.2% of samples in December 2023.

Chart of Share of2G and 3G Samples of Total in the U.A.E.

Operators need to consider various aspects before phasing out legacy networks

The decision to sunset one network before another should be informed by market conditions including the number of customers that use legacy networks, the cost of maintaining their operations, and the reliance of enterprise services on these networks. In markets with high smartphone penetration, such as those in the Gulf region, the phasing of 2G and 3G effectively began years ago. In those markets, operators have stopped activating new 2G/3G SIMs. In less mature markets, operators need to check that there is a sufficiently large base of 4G or 5G-enabled handsets in the market before the transition.

Communication is critical regardless of how the market and customers are ready. Operators should engage with subscribers well ahead of planned shutdowns to facilitate a smooth migration and prevent connectivity disruptions. Some customers might not realize that their handsets are still connected to 2G/3G even with modern handsets. Most operators we analyzed started communicating about the shutdown of their legacy networks and addressing common concerns about the upcoming changes.

Operators can also facilitate and accelerate this process by making available a range of affordable feature phones and smartphones, for example, by partnering with handset manufacturers. They could also offer financing schemes to support their acquisition, particularly, for those who cannot afford outright purchases. Regulators can also restrict or prohibit the sale and distribution of basic and feature phones before the decommissioning of 2G and 3G networks. 

Finally, voice services, a critical revenue stream for MENA operators, can be particularly affected by sunsetting. That is why operators need to carefully consider their options. They could switch off 3G and keep 2G as a fallback network for voice despite potential quality degradation. A better alternative would be to migrate customers to use 4G for voice with VoLTE. However, VoLTE adoption is generally slow, so operators need to raise awareness and encourage subscribers to enable the technology on their handsets.

The situation is more challenging considering international roaming. Visitors from countries where VoLTE is disabled may struggle to access voice services, even on VoLTE-compatible phones. Solutions exist to convert traditional circuit-switched voice calls to VoLTE to establish a connection between the home and host networks. However, they require testing to ensure network interoperability and device compatibility, as well as a review of roaming terms such as pricing. Alternatively, operators can sign national roaming agreements with their competitors that maintain an active legacy infrastructure to support 2G subscribers, like in Jordan.

Operators should work with other industry stakeholders on the network sunsetting process to avoid delays

Sunsetting legacy networks can bring many benefits to the operators, such as lowering operating and maintenance costs, optimizing spectrum usage, streamlining network management, and accelerating service innovation.

Another advantage of sunsetting older networks is the opportunity to repurpose low-frequency bands, which cuts down deployment costs and also enhances network coverage and capacity. This, in turn, can lead to more affordable services for end-users, contributing to the narrowing of coverage and data usage disparities.

However, the process of sunsetting legacy networks is complex and lengthy. That is why operators should plan the transition well ahead to prevent unnecessary delays and execute it properly to minimize the risk of losing customers and revenue and damaging brand reputation. This planning process should include discussions with various stakeholders, including other mobile network operators, consumers, enterprise customers, wholesaler partners, and regulators.

To find out how Ookla’s crowdsourced data and analytical tools can help you as you evaluate, implement, and track network sunsetting, contact us.

Ookla retains ownership of this article including all of the intellectual property rights, data, content graphs and analysis. This article may not be quoted, reproduced, distributed or published for any commercial purpose without prior consent. Members of the press and others using the findings in this article for non-commercial purposes are welcome to publicly share and link to report information with attribution to Ookla.

| February 12, 2024

Consumers Enjoy Better 5G Coverage in U.A.E. Malls Than Those in Qatar and Saudi Arabia

As 5G adoption increases, consumers and businesses expect the same level of coverage and performance wherever they go. Yet, the characteristics of 5G, which typically operates in mid-band frequencies of 1.8 GHz to 3.5 GHz, pose a challenge for indoor coverage, as these frequencies struggle to penetrate walls and windows depending on the materials used in construction. Therefore, operators need to invest in additional solutions to enhance indoor coverage and potentially offload onto in-building Wi-Fi systems. 

In the Gulf region, where shopping malls are central to the economic and social lifestyle, bridging the indoor-outdoor coverage gap is ever more important. In this article, we use data from Cell Analytics™ to benchmark indoor 5G coverage provided by seven mobile operators across 28 malls in Qatar (Doha), Saudi Arabia (Jeddah and Riyadh), and the U.A.E. (Abu Dhabi and Dubai) based on crowdsourced measurements collected between December 2022 and November 2023.

Key takeaways

  • Good indoor coverage is vital for 5G more than for previous generations. Indoor 5G coverage is more crucial than ever since people spend 90% of their time indoors, and an increasing number of consumers and businesses depend on its availability and expect near gigabit speeds wherever they are.
  • Top U.A.E. malls have superior indoor 5G coverage compared to top malls in Qatar and Saudi Arabia. du leads the way in the U.A.E. (particularly in Abu Dhabi), while in Saudi Arabia, Mobily has the edge in terms of the number of malls where it has better indoor 5G coverage. In Qatar, Ooredoo comes first for indoor coverage and its lead over Vodafone is more evident than in the other two countries.
  • Efficient deployment of indoor network coverage solutions requires addressing non-technical challenges. Beyond cost and technical factors, operators must anticipate other issues when aiming to improve indoor coverage, such as site acquisition and permission and compliance, all of which can be facilitated through regulatory measures.

5G underscores the importance of indoor coverage more than previous generations of mobile technologies

Before 4G, mobile networks were designed primarily for outdoor voice coverage. That is why outdoor deployment took precedence over indoor coverage in previous generations of mobile networks since coverage maps were important marketing collateral to grow market shares. With 5G, consumers and businesses expect high-speed and consistent mobile connectivity everywhere. As they rely heavily on continuous 5G availability, operators are pressured to deliver a similar quality of experience indoors and outdoors. Delivering consistent high-speed data connectivity across both indoor and outdoor networks is far more challenging since the performance of a 5G network is limited by interference. 

5G is also the main data growth driver of usage for the operators and most of the usage is likely to be generated indoors. According to Ericsson, we spend 90% of our time indoors, and up to 80% of our data is consumed indoors. Therefore, operators should strive to improve coverage and capacity indoors if they want to capitalize on data growth, reduce churn, and support new consumer and business use cases.

Indeed, 5G enables a wide range of applications because it supports high bandwidth, low latency, and high device density. As 5G adoption increases, there will be more use cases where an excellent indoor 5G experience will be essential to end users and commercially beneficial to the operators. 

Technical and commercial reasons also explain why indoor 5G performance is typically inferior to outdoors. The mid-band frequencies (1.8 GHz to 3.5 GHz) used in 5G deployment do not effectively penetrate walls and windows. The increasing use of insulating materials and metal structures further hamper the propagation of radio waves. Furthermore, indoor network systems need to be designed to fit within the site-specific requirements for antenna placement, connectivity, and power distribution systems, minimize interference with careful coordination between adjacent sites, and connect more customers per square meter than outdoors which impacts network performance.

Commercially, operators have prioritized outdoor coverage because it requires less CAPEX and OPEX per subscriber compared to indoor coverage and has a better return on investment. Additionally, operators need to adapt their indoor network solution to suit different venues and building configurations, find other service providers to share deployment costs with, and convince venue owners to offset some of them.

Technical solutions exist to address the 5G coverage gap

Spectrum is arguably the most influential factor for 5G coverage and speed. High frequencies (shorter wavelengths) carry data faster but have a shorter range than lower frequencies, leading to lower coverage levels and inferior indoor quality of service.

Operators can opt for higher towers to cover a large area to compensate for the shorter range or adjust spectrum usage in specific areas to maximize coverage while not too negatively impacting performance.

Alternative technical solutions also exist to address indoor cellular coverage challenges (see table below). Most of these solutions were designed originally for 3G and 4G but were upgraded by increasing their power and the number of antennas to enable greater performance and improve spectral and energy efficiency. However, deploying some of these solutions can be complex and costly. For example, a DAS that supports MIMO costs multiple times a typical outdoor macro site. They may also lead to unnecessary duplication of infrastructure if operators do not share their assets.

Examples of solutions to improve indoor 5G coverage

SolutionDescriptionLimitations
Amplifiers• Strengthen a weak external cellular signal by amplifying it inside the building• Could cause interferences with signals from the macro cells
Small cells (microcells, picocells, and femtocells)• Low-power antennas that provide localized coverage and add capacity in dense locations
• Connected to the macro cell through backhaul
• More suitable for small indoor areas (e.g. a room or floor), not shopping malls
• Not cost-effective to cover a large area
Distributed Antenna System (DAS)• Set of antennas distributed around a venue to amplify the signal and provide consistent coverage and capacity throughout
• DAS is connected to one or more base stations via cable
• Could be expensive and complex to deploy and upgrade due to the multiple radio heads and cable connections required
Private LTE/5G Networks• Localized cellular networks deployed to offer customized indoor coverage and capacity solutions
• Cater to specific indoor environments such as factories, warehouses, and corporate offices
• Acquiring dedicated spectrum is challenging and costly
• Deployment complexity and cost can make it prohibitive for smaller organizations
• Navigating regulatory frameworks can be challenging

Indoor 5G coverage is more vital in Gulf countries because shopping malls play an essential economic and social role

The Gulf region has been a global 5G pioneer. Most countries have attained nationwide 5G coverage by 2023. 5G penetration among mobile users has also skyrocketed since the beginning of 2022. It reached 28.11%, 22.48%, and 26.86% in Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the U.A.E. in Q3 2023, according to GSMA Intelligence.

Indoor network coverage is arguably more critical in the Gulf region. The high temperatures and long summers mean that people spend most of their time indoors, especially in shopping centers. These malls are the heart of the economic, social, and cultural life in the region for residents and tourists alike.

Aided by retail-friendly policies, such as low taxes and late opening times, malls experienced a boom in footfall and retail transactions. Despite the rapid rise in online shopping, especially after COVID-19 lockdowns, brick-and-mortar remains a pillar of national economies and accounts for the largest share of all retail transactions. The retail segment has also room to grow further as the retail gross leasable area (GLA) per capita across major GCC cities remains below that of developed markets like the U.S.A., despite being higher than other markets in the Middle East and North Africa.

Chart of Retail GLA Per Capita, Select Countries and Cities

5G connectivity inside the malls is not just crucial for consumers but also businesses. Stores can use the network to connect video cameras, point-of-sale (PoS) devices, and signage systems. Good indoor connectivity also enables shops to offer a hybrid retail experience, combining physical and digital sales channels. For example, customers can order items online for in-store pick-up. Indeed, nearly 60% of surveyed shoppers in the U.A.E. use their smartphones in-store to research products, compare prices, or look for offers. Excellent indoor 5G coverage also underpins future in-mall experiences that mix physical and digital interactions through technologies like AR/VR.

Operators and venue owners can also benefit from offering seamless connectivity in the malls. For example, operators can improve their brand image and prestige by associating themselves with iconic venues such as Dubai Mall in Dubai, Mall of Qatar in Doha, and Mall of Arabia in Jeddah. For landlords, exceptional indoor coverage and quality can serve as a key differentiator for the mall, potentially resulting in higher rental rates.

Operators can offload onto Wi-Fi as an alternative to extending 5G indoors, provided these systems are designed, optimized, and operated with equivalent quality of experience, using, for example, Ekahau®. While many malls in the region have Wi-Fi infrastructure, we believe that 5G complements rather than competes with Wi-Fi. Direct access to a 5G network offers more convenience for consumers and is intrinsically more secure than 4G or Wi-Fi.

The latest generations of Wi-Fi technology, including Wi-Fi 6 and Wi-Fi 7, are likely to play a more pivotal role in enhancing indoor coverage thanks to their improved performance, higher speeds, and increased capacity. Wi-Fi’s seamless integration with cellular coverage enables the offloading of cellular traffic in congested areas, maintains connectivity in deep indoor locations, and provides a robust and interconnected network experience for users.

Major differences in indoor 5G coverage quality between malls, operators, and countries in the Gulf region

In this analysis, we examine the variations in the strength of indoor 5G coverage across select shopping malls in Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the U.A.E.. We use data from Cell Analytics based on crowdsourced measurements of consumers’ mobile devices worldwide. The tool captures RF measurement and data usage, both indoors and outdoors, enabling us to benchmark signal metrics and generate user density and competitive coverage difference maps.

We use the average Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP) as a measure of network coverage. RSRP represents the network signal strength received by a mobile phone. An RSRP value that exceeds -90 dBm indicates superior coverage. If the signal strength is between -90 dBm and -100 dBm then network coverage is considered good. Lower RSRP values signify lower download speeds and an increased probability of network disconnection.

In the sections below, we examine 5G RSRP measurements inside major malls in Qatar (Doha), Saudi Arabia (Jeddah and Riyadh), and the U.A.E. (Abu Dhabi and Dubai) from December 2022 to November 2023. For each location, we compare operators’ RSRP values to determine which ones offer superior 5G coverage. We included locations where we received sufficient samples to achieve a confidence level of 95%.

du commands a lead in indoor 5G coverage in more U.A.E. malls than Etisalat by e&

The U.A.E. emerged as the fastest 5G market globally in Q2 2023, according to Ookla® Speedtest Intelligence®. This achievement was facilitated by an almost nationwide 5G coverage of the population. Both operators, du and Etisalat by e&, have sought to continually enhance customer experience by improving network coverage and quality.

du reported 98.5% 5G coverage of the population in November 2023 and attributed much of its CAPEX to 5G deployment and specifically to enhancing indoor coverage. For example, it has installed small cell antennas in apartments and offices and expanded DAS in new mall locations. It also launched 5G Standalone (SA) and Voice over New Radio (VoNR) in 2023.

Etisalat by e& has managed to serve all main urban areas and highways across the country, with an estimated coverage of 97% in February 2023. It also made 5G Standalone (SA) services available for all mobile users in October 2023.

The chart below depicts indoor 5G RSRP values for du and Etisalat by e&, across 12 malls in Dubai and six others in Abu Dhabi. Both operators have the same number of malls in Dubai where they lead in indoor coverage. In Abu Dhabi, du consistently outperformed Etisalat by e& in terms of indoor coverage in all the malls we reviewed.

Map of Indoor 5G RSRP in Key Malls, by Operator Dubai, U.A.E.

Map of Indoor 5G RSRP in Key Malls, by Operator, Abu Dhabi, U.A.E.

Overall, top U.A.E. malls have better indoor 5G coverage than those in Qatar and Saudi Arabia. The weighted average RSRP per mall is at least -86 dBm in 9 out of the 18 locations analyzed, suggesting excellent indoor coverage. However, in some locations, such as Ibn Battuta Mall, Mall of Emirates (for both operators), Wafi Mall and Yas Mall (for Etisalat by e&), and Dubai Mall (for du), the signal power is equal or less than -90 dBm.

du consistently outperforms Etisalat by e& in indoor 5G coverage across all the six malls in Abu Dhabi. For example, du is 10% better than Etisalat by e& in Khalidiya Mall and 8% better in Marina Mall.

The difference in signal power in Dubai locations is generally smaller, implying that consumers are unlikely to perceive a difference in 5G coverage while shopping there. For example, the RSRP gap between operators is inferior to 1.5 dBm in Deira City Mall, Festival City Mall, Ibn Battuta Mall, Mirdif City Centre, and Wafi Mall. This could be because both operators share the same indoor coverage infrastructure in these malls to avoid duplication and to reduce costs.

Mobily and Zain are the frontrunners for indoor 5G coverage in Saudi malls

The Saudi Communications, Space & Technology Commission (CST) reported that 5G coverage reached 97 governorates in March 2023 (out of 136 governorates), up from 84 a year earlier. This is a substantial jump from the 35 governorates it first reported in Q2 2020.

This improvement is partially driven by the ongoing release of suitable spectrum for 5G. Indeed, operators had access to low-band spectrum (700 MHz and 800 MHz) from 4G that they could reuse for 5G, and auctions for 2.3 GHz, 2.6 GHz, and 3.5 GHz bands were completed in 2019. The CST also plans to auction 600 MHz, 700 MHz, and 3800 MHz bands in Q1 2024.

Operators have steadily invested in 5G infrastructure. stc reported that it provides 5G coverage to over 90% of its mobile site locations in major cities. In October 2023, it announced significant network investments to extend its reach to over 75 cities and governorates.

Similarly, Mobily expanded 5G rollout and network coverage as part of its growth strategy. Its 5G network covered 28 governorates in March 2023. For Zain, its 5G network had expanded to cover 64 cities and more than 62.5% of the population by the end of 2023.

The two charts below show indoor 5G RSRP values for Mobily, stc, and Zain across three malls in Riyadh and three others in Jeddah. Despite the large investments in 5G infrastructure and access to low-band spectrum, Cell Analytics reveals a weighted average RSRP of -95.5 dBm across the six surveyed malls, which is significantly lower than the weighted averages in Qatar and the U.A.E. at -85.3 dBm and -87.4 dBm, respectively.

Map of Indoor 5G RSRP in Key Malls, by Operator, Riyadh, Saudi ArabiaMap of Indoor 5G RSRP in Key Malls, by Operator, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

Saudi Arabia is home to the five malls with the poorest indoor 5G coverage among the 28 malls analyzed in this article. The RSRP weighted averages ranged from -98.8 dBm in Al Salam Mall in Jeddah to -93.8 dBm in Riyadh Gallery Mall in Riyadh (the other lagging malls are Mall of Arabia and Red Sea Mall in Jeddah, and Al Nakheel Mall in Riyadh).

Mobily had better indoor 5G coverage than its competitors in three malls while Zain outperformed them in two of the malls. Mobily is quite ahead of its competitors in Mall of Arabia, one of the biggest malls in Saudi Arabia, with an RSRP of -92.8 dBm, a signal strength that is 6.5 dBm higher than Zain’s and 8.8 dBm stronger than stc’s.

Zain leads Mobily in two malls, Riyadh Gallery Mall and Red Sea Mall, by 2.4 dBm and 1.7 dBm, respectively. On the other hand, stc leads in 5G coverage inside Granada Center with an RSRP of -88.1 dBm, the highest signal power among the analyzed malls in Saudi Arabia. The RSRP difference between the three operators in the other malls varies between 3.3 dBm and 4.6 dBm, which suggests that operator choice can affect signal reception when shopping in these venues.

Ooredoo leads in 5G coverage inside the malls in Qatar

The organization of the FIFA World Cup in 2022 prompted Ooredoo and Qatar to modernize their 4G and 5G networks. For example, Ooredoo deployed over 8466 multi-beam antennas across eight stadiums to enhance indoor coverage, in addition to ‘smart poles’ and macro sites to boost coverage in surrounding areas. Ooredoo reported 533TB of mobile data during the competition, with nearly 40% via its 5G network. By the end of Q3 2023, its 5G network served 98.6% of the population.

Likewise, Vodafone nearly doubled its radio network sites, upgraded the existing sites’ technologies, and increased 5G coverage, especially indoors. It reported that over 1188 TB of data were consumed across all stadiums during the World Cup. These initiatives helped to make Vodafone the world’s fastest mobile network operator in 2022. By June 2023, 85% of Vodafone’s 2250 radio network sites were 5G enabled.

The chart below shows indoor 5G RSRP values for Ooredoo and Vodafone across four malls in Doha. It reveals that Ooredoo delivered superior indoor coverage in all of them, except for Villaggio Mall, where Vodafone outperformed.

Map of Indoor 5G RSRP in Key Malls, by Operator, Doha, Qatar

The difference in RSRP is highest in City Center Doha Mall where Ooredoo was ahead of Vodafone by 9.2 dBm. In the country’s largest shopping center, the Mall of Qatar, the difference in indoor signal strength between the two operators is sizable, standing at 4.4 dBm. However, since both operators offer excellent coverage simultaneously, with an RSRP of -81.4 and -85.8 for Ooredoo and Vodafone, respectively, consumers are unlikely to perceive a difference in coverage.

Operators need to consider non-technical aspects when deploying indoor solutions

Measures should be in place to encourage operators to make indoor network deployments more efficient. For instance, the Chinese government mandated that operators share the mid-band spectrum (3.3-3.4 GHz) for indoor coverage to promote co-development and cost-sharing. In Europe, mobile network operators (MNOs) share indoor networks deployed by neutral hosts, such as Cellnex, with a revenue model based on charging the venue or building owner for the network instead of the operator.

In the United States, the primary ownership model for DAS often involves a combination of ownership by neutral host operators, MNOs, and venue owners depending on agreements, partnerships, and specific needs of the venue or location. Neutral host operators often play a significant role in deploying shared DAS infrastructure, while venue owners, managers, or MNOs may also have ownership stakes or involvement in specific deployments to enhance indoor wireless coverage.

Beyond cost and technical considerations, operators need to carefully address other factors and practical challenges before and during the implementation of an indoor network coverage solution. These include site acquisition and permission, physical space and aesthetics, and regulatory compliance needs.

Regulators can have a proactive role in reducing bureaucratic hurdles and encouraging government-industry collaboration. For example, in South Korea, the regulator promotes the parallel development of indoor and outdoor 5G coverage across the country. Another example is the Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI) which recently requested industry views on the mechanism to rate digital connectivity in buildings. TRAI’s initiative illustrates the importance of devising standard guidelines, incentivizing investments in in-building infrastructure, and ultimately ensuring seamless and reliable indoor connectivity for consumers and businesses.

Ookla can support operators and venue owners in improving indoor cellular coverage 

As consumers’ expectations for network speed and consistent connectivity rise with the advent of 5G, operators should prioritize addressing indoor coverage issues to improve customer experience, drive data usage, and outperform their competitors.

As more consumers and businesses rely on 5G, an excellent indoor 5G experience will become even more essential. It will also pave the way for innovations that blend in-store with digital experiences. The future of physical malls in the region hinges on their ability to adopt new technologies and use them to transform the consumer experience.

Ookla can assist operators in identifying buildings or indoor venues with coverage or capacity issues using crowdsourced and controlled test data and the execution of precise walk tests for diagnosis. Cell Analytics helps to identify specific indoor areas with low signal-to-interference-and-noise ratio (SINR) and signal quality (RSRQ), causing sluggish data speeds despite adequate coverage (RSRP).

Equipped with this knowledge, mobile network operators can promptly deploy personnel for on-site walk-tests using Wind™, Ookla’s handheld walk-and-drive controlled testing platform. Wind enables testers to simulate user behavior while meticulously capturing detailed RF data in the background and processing it in near-real time. This allows operators to implement corrective actions to boost network performance within any venue.

An alternative to deploying in-building 5G systems is to selectively offload usage to Wi-Fi provided these systems are designed, optimized, and operated to deliver an equivalent quality of experience – this can be done using Ekahau.

Ookla retains ownership of this article including all of the intellectual property rights, data, content graphs and analysis. This article may not be quoted, reproduced, distributed or published for any commercial purpose without prior consent. Members of the press and others using the findings in this article for non-commercial purposes are welcome to publicly share and link to report information with attribution to Ookla.

| January 15, 2024

Fixed Internet Speeds are Improving in North Africa, and Fiber Could Boost Them Even Further

Français

Since 2020, fixed broadband speeds in North Africa have improved substantially. However, there is still potential for further enhancement and adoption. This article explores the performance drivers of fixed wired internet performance (excluding fixed wireless access (FWA)) in Algeria, Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia between Q3 2020 and Q3 2023 and discusses the market prospects.

Key takeaways

  • Egypt leads North Africa in the Ookla Speedtest Global Index™ for fixed broadband in Q3 2023. Egypt widened its lead in North Africa, achieving a median download speed of 56.61 Mbps and an upload speed of 25.07 Mbps. Meanwhile, Algeria saw a significant improvement in median fixed broadband download speed, with a 4.5-fold increase to 11.34 Mbps between Q3 2020 and Q3 2023. Morocco’s upload speed has also significantly improved, rising more than 22-fold to 19.09 Mbps during that period.
  • North African countries adopted different DSL migration strategies. Egypt upgraded most of its ADSL to VDSL and concentrated FTTH/B in greenfield areas. On the other hand, Algeria focused on replacing copper lines with FTTH/B, while Morocco and Tunisia deployed VDSL in tandem with FTTH/B rollout.
  • Fiber upgrades and revised broadband packages help to boost speed. The deployment and adoption of FTTH/B do not necessarily lead to increased broadband speed. ISPs should consider increasing headline speeds of entry-level packages and offering discounts on higher-speed tiers to incentivize customers to upgrade.

Egypt tops North Africa in download and upload speeds for fixed broadband

In our June 2021 report on internet speed in North Africa, Egypt ranked first in North Africa for fixed broadband, followed by Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia. All countries, except Tunisia, saw more than a 25% improvement in median broadband speeds from Q2 2020 to Q1 2021, with Algeria more than doubling its median broadband download speed.

This upward trend continued through Q3 2023, with most North African countries improving their median download and upload speeds over fixed broadband. This has resulted in a boost in their ranking in the Ookla Speedtest Global Index. Notably, Egypt extended its lead within North Africa, achieving a median download speed of 56.61 Mbps and a median upload speed of 25.07 Mbps.

Algeria showed a substantial improvement in median fixed broadband download speed between Q3 2020 and Q3 2023, increasing 4.5-fold to 11.34 Mbps. Other countries, except Tunisia, saw their median fixed broadband download speeds more than double over the same period.

Median Download Speed for Wired Fixed Broadband, Select African Countries
Speedtest Intelligence, Q3 2020 and Q3 2023

Morocco saw a significant rise in median upload speed, with a more than 22-fold increase to 19.09 Mbps in Q3 2023. Despite this, it still lags behind South Africa, the African leader, which boasts more than double the upload speed at 38.53 Mbps. The other North African countries saw more modest improvements in upload speeds, ranging from a 1.5-fold increase in Algeria to a 2.5-fold increase in Tunisia.

Median Upload Speed for Wired Fixed Broadband, Select African Countries
Speedtest Intelligence, Q3 2020 and Q3 2023

DSL and wireless access are the most common technologies used for fixed broadband services in North Africa

Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) is the leading technology for fixed broadband services in North Africa, as they use existing phone lines for internet connectivity. The two main types of DSL are Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) with speeds of up to 24 Mbps and Very high-speed Digital Subscriber Line (VDSL) offering speeds of up to  52 Mbps for VDSL1 and 200 Mbps for VDSL2. The latter can be further enhanced with G.Fast technology.

VDSL employs fiber that terminates at a nearby cabinet, a configuration often referred to as Fiber-to-the-Cabinet (FTTC). The ‘last mile’ connection to users’ premises then uses existing copper lines. FTTC typically serves as a transitional step towards Fiber-to-the-Home/Building (FTTH/B), where the fiber extends directly to the user’s location premises.

In countries like Algeria and Tunisia, mobile broadband and FWA services that use 3G and 4G technologies account for almost 30% of all fixed broadband connections. However, these cellular connections are less prevalent in Morocco and Egypt. 4G offers download speeds comparable to ADSL and VDSL1 but falls short of VDSL2 and FTTH/B.

North Africa lags behind the Gulf region in fiber coverage, adoption, and internet speed. Ambitious fiber development plans placed Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the U.A.E. high on the global speed leaderboard. For example, in Q3 2023, the U.A.E. ranked fourth on the Speedtest Global Index™ with a median download speed of 231.98 Mbps. Kuwait ranked twenty-second, and Qatar twenty-third. Other Gulf countries trailed the U.A.E. but were ahead of all markets in North Africa.

Fixed internet speeds are still relatively low in North Africa despite significant improvements in FTTH/B access

The slow pace of fiber deployment compared to the Gulf countries can be attributed to factors such as limited public funding, restrictive telecom regulations, scant private investments, as well as geographical and urbanization challenges. Most North African countries also have a larger land mass, more varied geology, and a lower level of urbanization, making fiber deployment more complex and costly.

The market’s competitive landscape is also a factor, with incumbents controlling over 80% of fixed internet subscriptions. Even in Tunisia, which boasts more alternative ISPs, Tunisie Telecom holds the majority of DSL and fiber subscriptions. By contrast, alternative network providers play a key role in accelerating fiber adoption in Europe. Furthermore, North Africans have a lower income than Gulf residents, and most cannot afford high-speed broadband services because of their high costs.

Market challenges delayed fiber deployment and limited service adoption and innovation. However, local ISPs have made significant progress since 2020 in upgrading the fixed infrastructure and making their services more affordable. Egypt has primarily upgraded its ADSL to VDSL and focused FTTH/B deployments in greenfield areas. Algeria concentrated on replacing copper lines with FTTH/B while Morocco and Tunisia deployed VDSL while also progressing with FTTH/B rollout.

As of June 2023, Algeria has the highest number of FTTH/B connections in North Africa, totaling 800,000. Morocco follows closely with 730,000 connections and boasts the largest fiber share of the wired broadband market (see chart below). Egypt has the highest number of VDSL connections in the region, and an estimated few hundred thousand active FTTH/B customers as of September 2023. Tunisia is in fourth position with 55,000 FTTH/B connections and 176,000 VDSL connections.

In the following sections, we provide an overview of the fixed broadband market in Algeria, Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia. We highlight the status of fiber rollout, and its impact on network performance, and discuss ISPs’ future deployment plans.

FTTH/B Connections, Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia
Telecoms Regulators, ISPs | 2019-Q2 2023

FTTH/B Connections and Share of Fixed Wired Connections, Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia
Telecoms Regulators, ISPs | 2019-Q2 2023

Significant progress achieved in fiber coverage in Algeria but room to drive adoption and boost speed

As of March 2023, Algeria boasted over 3.4 million fixed wired connections, according to the Autorité de Régulation de la Poste et des Communications Electroniques (ARPCE). The state-owned Algerie Telecom (AT) is the sole provider of wired broadband services. With an additional 1.5 million 4G FWA connections, Algeria is among Africa’s largest fixed broadband markets.

AT prioritized the replacement of copper lines with fiber in major cities while maintaining its ADSL services. It also used 4G FWA technology to service areas where wired infrastructure is unavailable or costly to deploy. AT was late to the game but it rapidly expanded FTTH/B services since their introduction in 2018. It also increased maximum speeds on fiber from 100 Mbps to 300 Mbps for consumers in 2023. AT introduced regular promotions, such as free speed doubling for new customers. It has also reduced tariffs every year since 2020, with a 100 Mbps fiber line costing $22/month in 2023. These actions contributed to the surge in the number of fiber subscribers by nearly 14-fold between 2020 and November 2023, reaching the 1 million milestone, making Algeria one of the largest FTTH/B markets in Africa.

Fixed Broadband Connections by Technology, Algeria
ARPCE | 2019-Q1 2023

The migration from ADSL to FTTH has undoubtedly improved the quality of service for consumers. However, it has yet to boost the speed that most households experience. While the download speed of the fastest 10% samples increased from 8.01 Mbps in Q3 2020 to 45.71 Mbps in Q3 2023, the median download speed only reached 11.34 Mbps during that period, according to Ookla Speedtest Intelligence® data.

According to the ARPCE, more than 85% of connections had a download speed of 10 Mbps in March 2023. To improve the country’s median download speed, AT should increase the speed of its entry-level fiber package from the current 10-15 Mbps. It should also work towards lowering the price of its higher-speed packages. The government proposed to exempt fixed broadband services from VAT in 2024, which should help make it more affordable for customers to upgrade to higher-speed packages.

AT has set ambitious goals to expand its fiber coverage substantially. The number of households passed by fiber (i.e. premises that can connect to the fiber network) is expected to increase from 3.5 million in 2022 to 6 million by 2024 (out of an estimated 7.4 million households). This is part of the government’s broader strategy to provide two-thirds of households with fixed broadband service by 2024, potentially adding 2 million new subscribers to the market.

Rapid network performance improvement in Egypt thanks to the incumbent’s ambitious FTTC strategy

With nearly 11 million subscribers at the end of 2022, Egypt is North Africa’s biggest fixed broadband telecoms market. State-owned Telecom Egypt (TE) dominates the sector, controlling over 80.1% of the market with over 8.7 million fixed broadband subscribers.

Other operators such as Vodafone, Orange, and Etisalat by e&, offer broadband services through wholesale access to TE’s network. This allows them to provide comparable broadband speeds. Notably, the combined market share of these alternative ISPs has been on an upward trend year-on-year since 2019.

TE’s strategic focus has been to develop its core and transmission networks, upgrade ADSL to VDSL, and expand fiber to the street cabinets. As of September 2023, TE connected 95% of households to the next-generation FTTC network (up from 85% in 2019).

The introduction of VDSL services in Egypt in 2018 marked a significant shift in broadband speeds, raising the maximum from 16 Mbps to 100 Mbps. TE took this opportunity to increase the speed of its entry-level plan from 5 Mbps to 30 Mbps, with a modest price increase of 9%. Infrastructure upgrades also positively impacted alternative ISPs that boosted their broadband packages’ speeds.

These improvements in VDSL coverage, speeds, and affordability significantly accelerated the adoption of broadband services. The number of fixed broadband subscribers surged by 55% from the end of 2019 to June 2023. Raising the minimum broadband speed to 30 Mbps led to a substantial increase in the country’s median download speed to 56.61 Mbps in Q3 2023, up from 25.07 Mbps in Q3 2020, according to Ookla Speedtest Intelligence. Given that TE currently offers speeds of up to 150 Mbps, there’s ample opportunity to enhance download speeds further.

Fixed Broadband Connections by ISP, Egypt
Telecom Egypt | 2019-Q2 2023

TE launched FTTH/B services in 2009, making Egypt among the early adopters of fiber in the region. It prioritized FTTH/B deployments in greenfield areas such as new developments, gated communities, and residential compounds. TE aims to eventually migrate existing VDSL customers to FTTH/B.

The government allocated a $360 million budget in 2021 to extend Fiber-To-The-Home (FTTH) to a million households to improve fiber accessibility. The development of ‘New Cairo,’ a new mega-city located 35 km east of the Capital, is also expected to spur demand for fiber services.

The competitive fiber market in Morocco drove broadband adoption and speed improvements

Maroc Telecom (MT) dominates the fixed broadband market in Morocco. The operator’s control over the copper infrastructure has spurred other ISPs, inwi and Orange, to develop their own fiber infrastructure and lease capacity from local utility and transport companies.

The fixed wired broadband market has been expanding rapidly in Morocco, increasing from just over 1.6 million in 2019 to over 2.2 million connections in June 2023 (out of around 8 million households). This growth is mainly due to a shift from DSL to FTTH/B since 2020, as observed in the chart below.

Fixed Broadband Connections by Technology, Morocco
ANRT | 2019-Q2 2023

Consumers have been leaning toward faster and more reliable services, with demand for DSL connections falling since 2020 and FWA adoption decreasing since 2022. MT launched fiber in 2014 as a premium service with speeds of 100 Mbps and 200 Mbps. In 2022, MT accelerated the deployment of its FTTH/B network and increased network capacity by 40% year-on-year in June 2023, helping to expand its fiber customer base by 43%.

inwi and Orange introduced their fiber services in 2018, offering a broader range of speeds starting from 20 Mbps and lower price points than MT at the high end. These services are available in big cities like Casablanca, Rabat, and Fez. They accounted collectively for 52.69% of the fiber market in June 2023 which shows that the segment is quite competitive in Morocco.

This has resulted in a boost to user-end speeds. As of Q3 2023, the median download speed of fixed internet services had increased to 21.68 Mbps, up from 9.07 Mbps in Q3 2020, according to Ookla Speedtest Intelligence data. There has been a marked shift to higher-speed broadband packages, as evidenced by the fact that 17.3% of fixed broadband subscribers had speeds of at least 20 Mbps in June 2023, a dramatic increase from only 0.6% in 2019 who had a minimum speed of 16 Mbps, according to the Agence Nationale de Réglementation des Télécommunications (ANRT)

As only around one-third of wired broadband subscribers in Morocco use FTTH/B, there is still an ample opportunity to migrate more DSL customers to fiber and encourage existing fiber users to upgrade to higher-speed packages. This is especially relevant for inwi and Orange as they offer more affordable fiber packages starting at 20 Mbps, compared to MT’s 100 Mbps fiber package which costs around $50/month.

Looking ahead, the Moroccan government has ambitious plans to connect more households to high-speed broadband services under the “Maroc Digital 2030” program. The government aims to connect 5 million households with fiber by 2026, potentially making Morocco one of the largest FTTH/B markets in Africa.

Limited infrastructure sharing and investments in Tunisia constrained speed improvement

Tunisia has the lowest fixed download speeds in North Africa at 8.61 Mbps in Q3 2023, according to Ookla Speedtest Intelligence. This is despite having eight ISPs – compared to one in Algeria, three in Morocco, and five in Egypt. The poor network performance is due to the limited coverage of high-speed broadband services and their unaffordability for many households. For example, a 50 Mbps VDSL line costs more than $26/month. Furthermore, it was not until 2022 that the ISPs lifted the speed of basic DSL packages from 4 Mbps to 10 Mbps

The wired broadband sector has consistently grown, reaching over 1.2 million subscribers by June 2023. This represents a 50% increase from 2019 levels. Interestingly, this growth rate outpaced that of the 4G fixed wireless access segment, which only saw a 27.4% increase, reaching just over 470,000 connections during the same period. On the other hand, fiber service remains a niche offering due to its limited coverage and high cost. Fiber share of the fixed wired broadband market saw a minor increase, rising from 3.0% in 2019 to a modest 4.5% in June 2023.

Fixed Broadband Connections by Technology, Tunisia
INT | 2019-Q2 2023

Tunisie Telecom (TT), a state-owned entity, holds the majority stake in the fixed broadband sector. TT controls the national copper infrastructure, operates the nationwide fiber-optic backbone, and competes both directly and indirectly in the retail market via its subsidiary, Topnet. Ownership of TT is divided between the Tunisian state (at 65%) and Emirates International Telecommunications (EIT, at 35%).

TT maintains a strong position within this sector, controlling 72.9% of all fiber connections in Tunisia by June 2023. This figure includes direct customers (39.1%) and those provided through Topnet (33.8%). Fiber services, which were launched in 2012, are only available in Greater Tunis and Sfax. Additionally, TT dominates the VDSL market with a substantial 92.4% market share, mostly through Topnet.

Regulatory pressure from the telecom authority INT (Instance Nationale des Telecommunications) has urged TT to reduce its network access charges and expedite line activation to help other ISPs. Despite these efforts, various challenges persist, prompting operators such as Ooredoo and Orange to supplement their wired offerings with mobile broadband services based on 3G and 4G, in addition to TD-LTE-based FWA.

Ooredoo, which introduced fiber services in 2013, saw its share of the fiber market rise to 16.8% by June 2023. Its fiber network covers Greater Tunis and Sfax. Orange, however, lacks consumer fiber offerings. Other ISPs, including Bee, GlobalNet, and HexaByte, use a mix of ADSL, VDSL, and FTTH/B by accessing TT’s infrastructure.

In the short term, TT plans to upgrade most DSL ports to VDSL and promote higher-speed packages. This strategy aims to increase the average fixed speed from 10 Mbps in 2022 to 50 Mbps in 2024. Over the medium term, TT aims to expand its FTTH coverage and capacity from 100,000 connections in 2022 to 500,000 by 2025. These initiatives are expected to enhance fiber service accessibility and improve the country’s median download and upload speeds.

Furthermore, the INT initiated a consultation in August 2023 to set the conditions required to share facilities to avoid infrastructure duplication and ensure efficient fiber investments. The proposal is to have all ISPs and infrastructure operators provide shared access to their telecom facilities after 12 months of commercial operations. This initiative should help expand fiber coverage, reduce access costs, and support the development of 5G.

Fiber can further unlock the connectivity potential in North Africa

As discussed above, North African ISPs have adopted various strategies to roll out fiber and promote its take-up. They have made considerable strides in enhancing fiber accessibility and fixed broadband speed since 2020. However, a significant gap remains when compared to more advanced markets in the Middle East and Africa.

To bridge this gap, it is essential to facilitate fiber investment through public-private partnerships, promote infrastructure sharing, encourage competition, provide robust regulatory frameworks, and increase international bandwidth. Such initiatives will make high-speed broadband services more affordable and accessible, which is integral to advancing national digital transformation and boosting economic growth.

Ookla has been working with ISPs, such as Bahrain Network (BNET) and telecoms regulators, to support their national broadband plans, track improvements to fiber connectivity and coverage, and promote their networks to consumers. If you are interested in Ookla’s solutions and services for network intelligence and management, get in touch.


La Vitesse de l’Internet Fixe s’Améliore en Afrique du Nord, et la Fibre Pourrait l’Augmenter Encore d’Avantage

English

Depuis 2020, les débits du haut débit fixe en Afrique du Nord se sont considérablement améliorés. Cependant, il existe encore un potentiel d’amélioration et d’adoption. Cet article s’intéresse aux facteurs de performance de l’Internet fixe filaire (hors accès fixe sans fil (FWA)) en Algérie, en Égypte, au Maroc et en Tunisie, entre le troisième trimestre 2020 et le troisième trimestre 2023 et discute des perspectives du marché.

À retenir

  • L’Égypte est en tête de l’Afrique du Nord dans le Speedtest Global Index™ pour le haut débit fixe au troisième trimestre 2023. L’Égypte a élargi son avance en Afrique du Nord, atteignant une valeur médiane du débit descendant de 56,61 Mbps et celle du débit ascendant de 25,07 Mbps. Parallèlement, l’Algérie a connu une amélioration significative du débit descendant sur le fixe, avec une multiplication par 4,5 pour atteindre 11,34 Mbps entre le troisième trimestre 2020 et le troisième trimestre 2023. Le débit ascendant au Maroc s’est également considérablement amélioré, multiplié par plus de 22 pour atteindre 19,09 Mbps au cours de cette période.
  • Les pays d’Afrique du Nord ont adopté différentes stratégies de migration DSL. L’Égypte a mis à niveau la plupart de son ADSL vers le VDSL et a concentré le FTTH/B pour le déploiement .dans de nouvelles zones. D’autre part, l’Algérie s’est concentrée sur le remplacement des lignes de cuivre par du FTTH/B, tandis que le Maroc et la Tunisie ont déployé le VDSL parallèlement au déploiement du FTTH/B.
  • Les mises à niveau de la fibre optique et les forfaits haut débit révisés contribuent à augmenter la vitesse. Le déploiement du FTTH/B et son adoption ne conduisent pas nécessairement à une augmentation de la vitesse de haut débit. Les FAI devraient envisager d’augmenter les vitesses de pointe des forfaits d’entrée de gamme et d’offrir des réductions sur les niveaux de vitesse plus élevés pour inciter les clients à améliorer leur forfait.

L’Égypte est en tête de l’Afrique du Nord en termes de débit descendant et ascendant pour le haut débit fixe

Dans notre rapport de juin 2021 sur le débit Internet en Afrique du Nord, l’Égypte se classe au premier rang en Afrique du Nord pour le haut débit fixe, suivie du Maroc, de l’Algérie et de la Tunisie. Tous les pays, à l’exception de la Tunisie, ont connu une amélioration de plus de 25 % des valeurs médianes du débit descendant entre le deuxième trimestre 2020 et le premier trimestre 2021, l’Algérie ayant plus que doublé sa valeur médiane du débit descendant.

Cette tendance à la hausse s’est poursuivie jusqu’au troisième trimestre 2023, la plupart des pays d’Afrique du Nord améliorant leurs valeurs médianes médianes du débit descendant et ascendant sur le haut débit fixe. Cela a permis d’améliorer leur classement dans l’Ookla Speedtest Global Index™. L’Égypte a notamment accru son avance en Afrique du Nord, atteignant une valeur médiane du débit descendant de 56,61 Mbps et une valeur médiane du débit ascendant de 25,07 Mbps.

L’Algérie a enregistré une amélioration substantielle de la valeur médiane du débit descendant sur le fixe entre le troisième trimestre 2020 et le troisième trimestre 2023, augmentant de 4,5 fois à 11,34 Mbps. D’autres pays, à l’exception de la Tunisie, ont vu leurs valeurs médianes du débit descendant sur le fixe plus que doubler au cours de la même période.

Valeur Médiane du Débit Descendant sur le Fixe Filaire dans Certains Pays Africains
Speedtest Intelligence, T3 2020 and T3 2023

Le Maroc a connu une augmentation significative de la valeur médiane du débit ascendant, avec une multiplication par plus de 22 pour atteindre 19,09 Mbps au troisième trimestre 2023. Malgré cela, il reste à la traîne de l’Afrique du Sud, le leader africain, qui affiche plus du double du débit ascendant, à 38,53 Mbps. Les autres pays d’Afrique du Nord ont connu des améliorations plus modestes du débit ascendant, allant d’une multiplication par 1,5 en Algérie à une multiplication par 2,5 en Tunisie.

Valeur Médiane du Débit Ascendant sur le Fixe Filaire dans Certains Pays Africains
Speedtest Intelligence, T3 2020 et T3 2023

L’accès DSL et sans fil sont les technologies les plus couramment utilisées pour les services de haut débit fixe en Afrique du Nord.

La ligne d’abonné numérique (DSL) est la principale technologie pour les services fixes à haut débit en Afrique du Nord, exploitant les lignes téléphoniques existantes pour la connectivité Internet. Les deux principaux types de DSL sont la ligne d’abonné numérique asymétrique (ADSL) avec des vitesses allant jusqu’à 24 Mbps et la ligne d’abonné numérique à très haut débit (VDSL) offrant des vitesses allant jusqu’à 52 Mbps pour le VDSL1 et 200 Mbps pour le VDSL2. Cette dernière peut être encore améliorée grâce à la technologie G.Fast.

Le VDSL utilise une fibre optique qui se termine à une armoire à proximité, une configuration souvent appelée Fiber-to-the-Cabinet (FTTC). La connexion du « dernier mile » vers les locaux des utilisateurs utilise ensuite les lignes de cuivre existantes. Le FTTC sert généralement d’étape de transition vers la fibre jusqu’au domicile/bâtiment (FTTH/B), où la fibre s’étend directement jusqu’aux locaux de l’utilisateur.

En Algérie et la Tunisie, les services haut débit mobile et FWA qui utilisent les technologies 3G et 4G représentent près de 30 % de toutes les connexions haut débit fixes. Toutefois, ces connexions cellulaires sont moins répandues au Maroc et en Égypte. La 4G offre des débits descendants comparables à l’ADSL et au VDSL1 mais inférieures au VDSL2 et au FTTH/B.

L’Afrique du Nord est à la traîne par rapport à la région du Golfe en termes de couverture, d’adoption et de vitesse Internet de la fibre optique. Des plans ambitieux de développement de la fibre optique ont placé le Bahreïn, le Koweït, Oman, le Qatar, l’Arabie saoudite et les Émirats arabes unis en tête du classement mondial de vitesse. Par exemple, au troisième trimestre 2023, les Émirats arabes unis, classés quatrièmes dans le Speedtest Global Index™ avec une valeur médiane du débit descendant de 231,98 Mbps. Le Koweït s’est classé vingt-deuxième et le Qatar vingt-troisième. Les autres pays du Golfe sont à la traîne des Émirats arabes unis, mais étaient en avance sur tous les marchés d’Afrique du Nord.

Les débits Internet fixes restent relativement faibles en Afrique du Nord malgré des améliorations significatives de l’accès FTTH/B

La lenteur du déploiement de la fibre optique par rapport aux pays du Golfe peut être attribuée à des facteurs tels qu’un financement public limité, des réglementations restrictives en matière de télécommunications, des investissements privés limités, ainsi que des défis géographiques et d’urbanisation. La plupart des pays d’Afrique du Nord ont également une plus grande superficie terrestre, une géologie plus variée et un niveau d’urbanisation plus faible, ce qui rend le déploiement de la fibre optique plus complexe et plus coûteux.

Le paysage concurrentiel du marché joue également un rôle, les opérateurs historiques contrôlant plus de 80 % des abonnements Internet fixes. Même en Tunisie, qui compte davantage de FAI alternatifs, Tunisie Télécom détient la majorité des abonnements DSL et fibre. En revanche, les fournisseurs de réseaux alternatifs jouent un rôle clé dans l’accélération de l’adoption de la fibre optique en Europe. En outre, les Nord-Africains ont un revenu inférieur à celui des résidents du Golfe, et la plupart ne peuvent pas se permettre les services à haut débit en raison de leurs coûts élevés.

Les défis du marché ont retardé le déploiement de la fibre et limité l’adoption et l’innovation des services. Cependant, les FAI locaux ont réalisé des progrès significatifs depuis 2020 en modernisant l’infrastructure fixe et en rendant leurs services plus abordables. L’Égypte a principalement mis à niveau son ADSL vers le VDSL et concentré les déploiements FTTH/B dans les zones en friche. Pendant ce temps, l’Algérie s’est concentrée sur le remplacement des lignes de cuivre par du FTTH/B. Le Maroc et la Tunisie ont déployé le VDSL tout en progressant dans le déploiement du FTTH/B.

En juin 2023, l’Algérie possède le plus grand nombre de connexions FTTH/B en Afrique du Nord, soit 800 000. Le Maroc suit de près avec 730 000 connexions et possède la plus grande part de fibre sur le marché du haut débit filaire (voir graphique ci-dessous). L’Égypte possède le plus grand nombre de connexions VDSL de la région et comptait quelques centaines de milliers de clients FTTH/B actifs en septembre 2023. La Tunisie occupe la quatrième position avec 55 000 connexions FTTH/B et 176 000 connexions VDSL.

Dans les sections suivantes, nous donnons un aperçu du marché du haut débit fixe en Algérie, en Égypte, au Maroc et en Tunisie. Nous mettons en évidence l’état du déploiement de la fibre optique et son impact sur les performances du réseau, et discutons des futurs plans de déploiement des FAI.

Connexions FTTH/B, Algérie, Maroc et Tunisie
Autorités de régulation des télécommunications, FAI | 2019-T2 2023

Connexions FTTH/B et part des connexions filaires fixes, Algérie, Maroc et Tunisie
Autorités de Régulation des Télécommunications, FAI | 2019-T2 2023

Des progrès significatifs réalisés dans la couverture de la fibre optique en Algérie, mais il reste encore de la marge pour stimuler l’adoption et augmenter la vitesse

En mars 2023, l’Algérie comptait plus de 3,4 millions de connexions filaires fixes, selon l’ Autorité de Régulation de la Poste et des Communications Electroniques (ARPCE). La société publique Algérie Télécom (AT) est l’unique fournisseur de services haut débit filaires. Avec 1,5 million de connexions 4G FWA supplémentaires, l’Algérie figure parmi les plus grands marchés du haut débit fixe d’Afrique.

AT a privilégié le remplacement des lignes de cuivre par de la fibre dans les grandes villes tout en conservant ses services ADSL. Il a également utilisé la technologie 4G FWA pour desservir les zones où l’infrastructure filaire n’est pas disponible ou est coûteuse à déployer. AT a tardé à adopter la technologie, mais a rapidement étendu ses services FTTH/B depuis leur introduction en 2018. Il a également augmenté les vitesses maximales sur la fibre de 100 Mbps à 300 Mbps pour les consommateurs en 2023. AT a introduit des promotions régulières, telles que le doublement de la vitesse gratuit pour les nouveaux clients. Il a également réduit ses tarifs chaque année depuis 2020, avec une ligne fibre 100 Mbps coûtant 22 dollars/mois en 2023. Ces actions ont contribué à multiplier par près de 14 le nombre d’abonnés fibre entre 2020 et novembre 2023, pour atteindre le jalon important d’un million, faisant de l’Algérie l’un des plus grands marchés FTTH/B en Afrique.

Connexions à Haut Débit Fixe par Technologie, Algérie
ARPCE | 2019-T1 2023

La migration de l’ADSL vers le FTTH a sans aucun doute amélioré la qualité de service pour les consommateurs. Cependant, il lui reste encore à augmenter la vitesse que connaissent la plupart des ménages. Alors que le débit descendant des 10 % d’échantillons les plus rapides est passée de 8,01 Mbps au troisième trimestre 2020 à 45,71 Mbps au troisième trimestre 2023, la valeur médiane n’a atteint que 11,34 Mbps au cours de cette période, selon les données d’Ookla Speedtest Intelligence®.

Selon l’ARPCE, plus de 85 % des connexions avaient un débit descendant de 10 Mbps en mars 2023. Pour améliorer le débit descendant du pays, AT devrait augmenter le débit descendant de son forfait fibre d’entrée de gamme, qui est entre 10 et 15 Mbps. Il devrait également s’efforcer de réduire le prix de ses forfaits à vitesse plus élevée. Le gouvernement a proposé d’exonérer de TVA les services à haut débit fixe en 2024, ce qui devrait permettre aux clients de passer à un forfait à vitesse plus élevée plus abordable.

AT s’est fixé des objectifs ambitieux pour étendre considérablement sa couverture fibre. Le nombre de foyers desservis par la fibre (c’est-à-dire de locaux pouvant se connecter au réseau fibre) devrait passer de 3,5 millions en 2022 à 6 millions d’ici 2024 (sur un nombre estimé de 7,4 millions de foyers). Cela fait partie de la stratégie plus large du gouvernement visant à fournir un service haut débit fixe à deux tiers des foyers d’ici 2024, ce qui pourrait ajouter 2 millions de nouveaux abonnés au marché.

Amélioration rapide des performances du réseau en Égypte grâce à la stratégie ambitieuse FTTC de l’opérateur historique

Avec près de 11 millions d’abonnés fin 2022, l’Égypte est le premier marché de télécommunications à haut débit fixe d’Afrique du Nord. La société d’État Telecom Egypt (TE) domine le secteur, contrôlant plus de 80,1 % du marché avec plus de 8,7 millions d’abonnés au haut débit fixe.

D’autres opérateurs tels que Vodafone, Orange et Etisalat by e&, offrent des services haut débit via un accès de gros au réseau de TE. Cela leur permet de fournir des vitesses haut débit comparables. Il convient de noter que la part de marché combinée de ces FAI alternatifs suit une tendance à la hausse d’année en année depuis 2019.

L’objectif stratégique de TE a été de développer ses réseaux centraux et de transmission, de mettre à niveau l’ADSL vers le VDSL et d’étendre la fibre jusqu’aux armoires de rue. En septembre 2023, TE a connecté 95 % des foyers au réseau FTTC de nouvelle génération (contre 85 % en 2019).

L’introduction des services VDSL en Égypte en 2018 a marqué un changement significatif dans les vitesses du haut débit, augmentant le maximum de 16 Mbps à 100 Mbps. TE a aussi augmenté la vitesse de son forfait d’entrée de gamme de 5 Mbps à 30 Mbps, avec une modeste augmentation de prix de 9%. Les mises à niveau des infrastructures ont également eu un impact positif sur les FAI alternatifs, qui ont augmenté les vitesses de leurs forfaits haut débit.

Ces améliorations de la couverture VDSL, des vitesses et du prix abordable ont considérablement accéléré l’adoption des services haut débit. Le nombre d’abonnés au haut débit fixe a bondi de 55% entre fin 2019 et juin 2023. L’augmentation de la vitesse minimale du haut débit à 30 Mbps a entraîné une augmentation substantielle de la valeur médiane du débit descendant du pays, à 56,61 Mbps au troisième trimestre 2023, contre 25,07 Mbps au troisième trimestre 2020, selon Ookla Speedtest Intelligence. Étant donné que TE offre actuellement des vitesses allant jusqu’à 150 Mbps, il existe de nombreuses possibilités d’améliorer encore le débit descendant.

Connexions à Haut Débit Fixe par FAI, Egypte
Telecom Egypt | 2019-T2 2023

TE a lancé les services FTTH/B en 2009, faisant de l’Égypte l’un des premiers utilisateurs de la fibre optique dans la région. Il a donné la priorité aux déploiements FTTH/B dans des zones vierges telles que les nouveaux développements et les complexes résidentiels. TE vise à terme à migrer les clients VDSL existants vers FTTH/B.

Le gouvernement a alloué un budget de 360 millions de dollars en 2021 pour étendre la fibre jusqu’au domicile (FTTH) à un million de foyers afin d’améliorer l’accessibilité à la fibre. Le développement du “Nouveau Caire”, une nouvelle mégapole située à 35 km à l’est de la capitale, devrait également stimuler la demande de services de fibre optique.

Le marché concurrentiel de la fibre optique au Maroc a favorisé l’adoption du haut débit et l’amélioration de la vitesse

Maroc Telecom (MT) domine le marché du haut débit fixe au Maroc. Le contrôle de l’opérateur sur l’infrastructure cuivre a incité d’autres FAI, inwi et Orange, à développer leur propre infrastructure fibre, et louer de la capacité auprès des sociétés de services publics et de transport locales.

Le marché du haut débit fixe filaire connaît une croissance rapide au Maroc, passant d’un peu plus de 1,6 million en 2019 à plus de 2,2 millions de connexions en juin 2023 (sur environ 8 millions de foyers). Cette croissance est principalement due au passage du DSL au FTTH/B depuis 2020, comme on l’observe dans le graphique ci-dessous.

Connexions à Haut Débit Fixe par Technologie, Maroc
ANRT | 2019-T2 2023

Les consommateurs se tournent vers des services plus rapides et plus fiables, avec une demande de connexions DSL en baisse depuis 2020 et une adoption FWA en baisse depuis 2022. MT a lancé la fibre en 2014, offrant un service premium à 100 Mbps et 200 Mbps. En 2022, MT a accéléré le déploiement de son réseau FTTH/B et a augmenté la capacité de son réseau de 40 % sur un an en juin 2023, contribuant ainsi à élargir sa base de clients fibre de 43 %.

inwi et Orange ont lancé leurs services fibre en 2018, offrant une gamme de vitesses plus large à partir de 20 Mbps et des prix inférieurs à ceux de MT pour le haut de gamme. Ces services sont disponibles dans les grandes villes comme Casablanca, Rabat et Fès. Ils représentaient collectivement 52,69 % du marché de la fibre en juin 2023, ce qui montre que le segment est assez compétitif au Maroc.

Cela a entraîné une augmentation des vitesses côté utilisateur. Au troisième trimestre 2023, la valeur médiane du débit descendant des services Internet fixes était passée à 21,68 Mbps, contre 9,07 Mbps au troisième trimestre 2020, selon les données d’Ookla Speedtest Intelligence. Il y a eu une évolution marquée vers les forfaits haut débit fixe de vitesse supérieure, comme en témoigne le fait qu’en juin 2023, 17,3 % des abonnés au haut débit fixe disposaient d’une vitesse d’au moins 20 Mbps, soit une augmentation spectaculaire par rapport à seulement 0,6 % en 2019 qui avaient des vitesses d’au moins 16 Mbps, selon l’Agence Nationale de Réglementation des Télécommunications (ANRT)

Étant donné qu’environ un tiers seulement des abonnés au haut débit filaire au Maroc utilisent le FTTH/B, il existe encore de nombreuses opportunités de migrer davantage de clients DSL vers la fibre et d’encourager les utilisateurs existants de la fibre à passer à des forfaits à plus haut débit. Ceci est particulièrement pertinent pour inwi et Orange, car ils proposent des forfaits fibre plus abordables à partir de 20 Mbps, par rapport au forfait fibre 100 Mbps de MT qui coûte environ 50 $/mois.

Pour l’avenir, le gouvernement marocain a des projets ambitieux pour connecter davantage de foyers aux services à haut débit dans le cadre du programme “Maroc Digital 2030”. Le gouvernement vise à connecter 5 millions de foyers à la fibre optique d’ici 2026, faisant potentiellement du Maroc l’un des plus grands marchés FTTH/B d’Afrique.

Le partage limité des infrastructures et des investissements en Tunisie ont restreint l’amélioration du débit descendant

La Tunisie offre les plus bas débits descendants sur le fixe en Afrique du Nord, soit 8,61 Mbps au troisième trimestre 2023, selon Ookla Speedtest Intelligence. Et ce, malgré le nombre de huit FAI, contre un en Algérie, trois au Maroc et cinq en Égypte. La faible performance du réseau est due à la couverture limitée des services de haut débit à grande vitesse et à leur coût inabordable pour de nombreux foyers. Par exemple, une ligne VDSL à 50 Mbps coûte plus de 26 $/mois. De plus, il a fallu attendre 2022 pour que les FAI augmentent le débit des forfaits DSL de base de 4 Mbps à 10 Mbps.

Le secteur du haut débit filaire n’a cessé de croître, atteignant plus de 1,2 million d’abonnés en juin 2023. Cela représente une augmentation de 50 % par rapport aux niveaux de 2019. Il est intéressant de noter que ce taux de croissance a dépassé celui du segment de l’accès fixe sans fil 4G, qui n’a connu qu’une augmentation de 27,4 %, atteignant un peu plus de 470 000 connexions au cours de la même période. En revanche, le service fibre reste une offre de niche en raison de sa couverture limitée et de son coût élevé. La part de la fibre sur le marché du haut débit filaire fixe a connu une légère augmentation, passant de 3,0 % en 2019 à un modeste 4,5 % en juin 2023.

Connexions à Haut Débit Fixe par Technologie, Tunisie
INT | 2019-T2 2023

Tunisie Telecom (TT), une entité publique, détient la majorité des parts dans le secteur du haut débit fixe. TT contrôle l’infrastructure nationale de cuivre, exploite le réseau dorsal de fibre optique à l’échelle nationale et est en concurrence directe et indirecte sur le marché de détail via sa filiale Topnet. La propriété de TT est répartie entre l’État tunisien (à 65 %) et Emirates International Telecommunications (EIT, à 35 %).

TT maintient une position forte dans ce secteur, contrôlant 72,9 % de toutes les connexions fibre en Tunisie en juin 2023. Ce chiffre comprend les clients directs (39,1 %) et ceux fournis via Topnet (33,8 %). Les services fibre, lancés en 2012, ne sont disponibles que dans le Grand Tunis et à Sfax. De plus, TT domine le marché VDSL avec une part de marché substantielle de 92,4 %, principalement via Topnet.

La pression réglementaire exercée par l’autorité des télécommunications INT (Instance Nationale des Télécommunicationss) a exhorté TT à réduire ses frais d’accès au réseau et accélérer l’activation de la ligne pour aider les autres fournisseurs d’accès Internet (FAI). Malgré ces efforts, divers défis persistent, incitant les opérateurs tels que Ooredoo et Orange à compléter leurs offres filaires avec des services de haut débit mobile basés sur la 3G et la 4G, en plus du FWA basé sur TD-LTE.

Ooredoo, qui a introduit les services fibre en 2013, a vu sa part de marché fibre s’élever à 16,8 % en juin 2023. Son réseau fibre couvre le Grand Tunis et Sfax. Orange manque cependant d’offres fibre grand public. D’autres FAI, notamment Bee, GlobalNet et HexaByte, utilisent un mélange d’ADSL, de VDSL et de FTTH/B en accédant à l’infrastructure de TT.

À court terme, TT prévoit de mettre à niveau la plupart des ports DSL vers le VDSL et de promouvoir des forfaits à plus haut débit. Cette stratégie vise à augmenter le débit fixe moyen de 10 Mbps en 2022 à 50 Mbps en 2024. À moyen terme, TT vise à étendre sa couverture et sa capacité FTTH de 100 000 connexions en 2022 à 500 000 d’ici 2025. Ces initiatives devraient améliorer l’accessibilité du service de fibre optique et améliorer les valeurs médianes des débits descendants et ascendants du pays.

En outre, l’INT a lancé une consultation en août 2023 pour définir les conditions requises pour partager les installations afin d’éviter la duplication des infrastructures et garantir des investissements efficaces dans la fibre. La proposition est que tous les FAI et opérateurs d’infrastructures fournissent un accès partagé à leurs installations de télécommunications après 12 mois d’opérations commerciales. Cette initiative devrait permettre d’étendre la couverture fibre, de réduire les coûts d’accès et de soutenir le développement de la 5G.

La fibre peut libérer davantage le potentiel de connectivité en Afrique du Nord

Comme indiqué ci-dessus, les FAI nord-africains ont adopté diverses stratégies pour déployer la fibre optique et promouvoir son adoption. Ils ont fait des progrès considérables dans l’amélioration de l’accessibilité à la fibre optique et de la vitesse du haut débit fixe depuis 2020. Cependant, un écart important demeure par rapport aux marchés plus avancés du Moyen-Orient et d’Afrique.

Pour combler cet écart, il est essentiel de faciliter les investissements dans la fibre optique par le biais de partenariats public-privé, de promouvoir le partage des infrastructures, d’accroître la concurrence, de fournir des cadres réglementaires solides et d’étendre la bande passante internationale. De telles initiatives rendront les services à haut débit plus abordables et accessibles, ce qui fait partie intégrante de la progression de la transformation numérique nationale et de la stimulation de la croissance économique.

Ookla a travaillé avec des FAI, tels que Bahrain Network (BNET) et les régulateurs de télécoms, pour soutenir leurs plans nationaux de haut débit, suivre les améliorations de la connectivité et de la couverture fibre et promouvoir leur réseaux auprès des consommateurs. Si vous êtes intéressé par les solutions et services d’Ookla en matière d’intelligence et de gestion des réseaux, contactez-nous.

Ookla retains ownership of this article including all of the intellectual property rights, data, content graphs and analysis. This article may not be quoted, reproduced, distributed or published for any commercial purpose without prior consent. Members of the press and others using the findings in this article for non-commercial purposes are welcome to publicly share and link to report information with attribution to Ookla.

| January 12, 2024

Bahrain’s 5G Gaming Performance and Investments are Aligned with its Aspirations to Become a Regional Hub

Bahrain took the lead in 5G gaming performance across the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) and the Middle East during the first half of 2023, based on Ookla Speedtest Intelligence® data. This article examines the gaming performance on Bahrain’s 5G networks, evaluates their suitability for multi-player on-device and cloud gaming services, and discusses local initiatives to position Bahrain as the regional gaming hub.

Key takeaways

  • Bahrain’s 5G Game Score™ was the highest in the Middle East at 87.64 out of 100 during Q1-Q2 2023. This exceptional network performance helps to deliver a good gaming experience. With ultra-fast 5G speeds (413.69 Mbps) and low latency (72 ms), most casual gamers can expect a top-notch multi-player gaming experience.
  • Bahrain’s pro-gaming policies and initiatives helped to attract international companies and foster a burgeoning local gaming ecosystem. The vibrant start-up landscape, bolstered by supportive business-friendly policies, funding, and access to tech-savvy talent, helped to attract international gaming studios and emerge local ones.
  • Bahrain faces competition from its neighbors to become a regional gaming hub. However, it can leverage its advanced networking infrastructure and reputation as a technology incubator to attract companies and entrepreneurs who want to trial new ideas and technologies for gaming and transform them into ventures that serve the region.

Bahrain leads the Middle East in terms of 5G Game Score and latency

The cellular infrastructure is critical for the growth of mobile gaming. Advanced network systems that offer speed, reliability, and low latency are pivotal to seamless gaming experiences and thus, the gaming industry. The growing popularity of mobile devices and portable gaming also pushes the boundaries of what mobile games can do. 

Recognizing this, Ookla has devised a new metric, Game Score, to measure the gaming experience. This score considers various network parameters that impact gaming, including download and upload speeds, latency, and jitter. Game Score is based on Ookla’s consumer-initiated Speedtest Intelligence results for download and upload speeds, as well as Consumer QoE’s™ latency and jitter measurements taken on actual game servers. 

Each component is scored on a scale of 0-100 and then combined in a weighted average to produce a Game Score. A higher score signifies a better gaming experience for the user. You can find more details about the Game Score methodology here.

In a recent article, we presented the Game Scores for the six GCC countries. Bahrain led the Middle East region during the first half of 2023 with the highest 5G Game Score at 87.64. The U.A.E. and Qatar trailed closely with scores of 85.59 and 85.23, respectively, reflecting the high-quality mobile network performance in these markets that provides excellent gaming experiences. Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, and Oman received lower Game Scores.

Chart of 5G Game Score, Gulf Countries

Gamers in Bahrain can enjoy a great multi-player gaming experience over 5G

Looking more closely at two main components of the Game Score – download speed and game latency – we can assess how well Bahrain’s 5G network supports multi-player gaming services.

  • Download speed is crucial for ensuring uninterrupted gameplay and maintaining high-quality streaming. High download speeds are also important for downloading digitally distributed games and updates. Download speed requirements for online mobile gaming vary depending on the game type (for example, cloud gaming needs higher bandwidth than a game played on a smartphone) and the gamer profile (for example, competitive gamers will require higher bandwidth than casual players)
  • Game latency is a measure of latency to popular gaming server locations. It impacts the speed at which a gamer’s response is reflected in gameplay and is particularly important for games where quick reactions are crucial. Low latency also means smoother and lag-free gaming.

For this analysis, we consider two types of multi-player games to account for variations in network requirements and user expectations. The table below outlines the minimum requirements for casual gamers (who make up the majority of gamers) for download speed and latency for on-device and cloud games.

List of Network Requirements for Mobile Games

Ookla’s data shows that Bahrain significantly exceeds the speed requirement for both game types, with a median download speed of 413.69 Mbps during Q1-Q2 2023. This implies that gamers should not face delays in downloading games, loading games, or applying patches.

Bahrain has also the lowest latency in the Gulf region at 72 ms and should provide smooth gameplay for most casual games. Yet, some multiplayer shooters, racing, fighting, and multiplayer online battle arena (MOBA) games might experience some lag, particularly if streamed from a cloud server outside the country. There’s room for operators to enhance conditions for multiplayer games, especially for competitive gamers.

It should be noted that the gaming experience can be affected by other factors besides 5G network quality. The location of the game server, for example, can influence latency. If the game server is outside the country or region then the quality of international connectivity matters more. Since Bahrain has a small land mass and a high population density, game servers, and international gateways are likely to be close to gamers. This partially explains why its game-related metrics are better than those of other countries in the region.

Chart of Median Download Speed and Latency in Bahrain vs. Minimum Requirements for Games

Bahrain made the digital sector, including gaming, central to its economic expansion. The government and various regulatory authorities have fostered a favorable business environment to attract investments from global technology companies. Operators have also supported the country’s ambition to become the regional ICT hub by developing advanced digital infrastructure and nurturing local talent.

Following the COVID-19 pandemic, Bahrain prioritized ICT as a key sector for economic growth and diversification, setting targets to achieve 100% broadband coverage and increase the number of start-ups by 20% by the end of 2026. According to the Telecommunications Regulatory Authority (TRA), mobile broadband penetration of the population reached 146.0%, and fixed broadband penetration of households reached 69% in Q3 2023. 

Bahrain was among the first countries in the Middle East to launch 5G in 2019. The three mobile operators, Batelco, stc, and Zain, have invested in its expansion, achieving 100% 5G commercial network coverage. Operators are also upgrading their 5G infrastructure to improve throughput and reduce latency by deploying 5G Standalone (SA) and 5G Advanced (5.5G). For example, stc tested 5G SA in May 2022 and 5G network slicing in October 2023. Batelco deployed a cloud-native 5G core and tested 5G SA in April 2022. Zain trialed 5G SA in 2022 and implemented 5G carrier aggregation using a mid-band frequency.

Furthermore, Batelco’s parent company, Beyon, announced an investment of over $250 million to support the country’s digital transformation. This includes the development of the country’s biggest data center. In 2022, stc announced that it plans the region’s largest technology park, which includes a new data center. These new facilities will supplement existing data centers and strengthen the country’s position as a regional digital infrastructure center.

The country’s extensive and high-quality network infrastructure underpinned its ‘Cloud First Policy’ which encouraged public and private organizations to migrate to the cloud. This strategy has proven successful in attracting major hyperscalers like AWS which established three ‘regional availability zones’ in 2019 in Bahrain.

Pro-graming policies and initiatives helped attract international companies and develop a local gaming ecosystem

This influx of international cloud service providers has caught the attention of game publishers eager to cater to their fans in the region. Take Epic Games, the publisher of Fortnite, as an example. They set up a local server over AWS infrastructure to boost game response times and stimulate interest in e-sports. They expected latency to improve between 20% and 50% for players in the Gulf region and India. Similarly, Riot Games set up a local server in Bahrain for its game Valorant.

Bahrain has a vibrant start-up landscape in the Middle East region bolstered by supportive government policies, funding schemes, and a pool of young, tech-savvy talent. As part of the Bahrain Economic Vision 2030, the government established Tamkeen, an agency designed to promote private sector development and digital services adoption. Tamkeen has been involved in initiatives such as setting up a training program for video game development and the creation of the ‘D11 Gaming Hub’, designed to strengthen the e-sports ecosystem in Bahrain.

Thanks to these efforts, Bahrain attracted foreign gaming studios, like The Stories Studio, to establish a local office. It has also nurtured a burgeoning local game production industry, with award-winning gaming studios, such as Juego Studios and Regnum Studio, and a host of start-ups offering a range of products, solutions, and services for the gaming industry. Bahrain also aspires to be a leading e-sports competition destination in the Middle East, having already hosted global events like the BLAST Pro Series Global Final, NVTC Tournament, and GIRLGAMER Festival.

Operators have also taken proactive steps to capitalize on the growing demand for gaming in recognition of its potential to diversify revenue, increase customer engagement, and differentiate their services. For example:

  • Batelco introduced a mobile gaming portal in 2022.
  • stc launched the ‘stc play’ app, hosted multiple e-sport tournaments, and bundled gaming packages with its mobile data and home services.
  • Zain introduced a mobile game pass with a dedicated data allowance for popular games. It also partnered with the Bahraini Esports Federation and gaming platform provider Playhera to organize e-sports tournaments. Most recently, it launched the ‘Zain Esports Lab’ in collaboration with Tamkeen to host e-sports leagues, provide training to gamers, and offer professional opportunities for e-sports enthusiasts.

Bahrain harbors grand ambitions to strengthen its standing as a regional gaming hub

As part of the Telecommunications, ICT, and Digital Economy Sector Strategy 2022-2026, the Bahraini government aims to consolidate its reputation as a regional innovation center while continuing to lure large technology companies. Part of this strategy revolves around making the country an even more attractive destination for gaming companies to cater to the rapidly expanding base of casual gamers, e-sports enthusiasts, and professional players across the Middle East.

In November 2023, the TRA also unveiled the Sixth National Telecommunication Plan (NTP6). The plan outlines the government’s strategic three-year approach and general policies for the telecommunications sector. Bahrain’s objective is to continue to lead the way in ICT and telecommunications infrastructure development within the GCC region and aspire to be among the global top 10 in this sector.

BCG reported that the Middle East boasts the highest gaming penetration in the world, with over 60% of the population identifying as gaming enthusiasts. The audience for live-streaming games is projected to surpass 200 million in 2025, making the Middle East one of the fastest-growing regions for gaming, outpacing even China.

The GCC region is particularly ripe for growth in terms of active gamers and e-sports participants, thanks to its youthful demographic, substantial disposable income, access to affordable high-speed connectivity, and the ongoing development of gaming infrastructure. The market is bound to expand as gaming becomes more mainstream and as more female users and older demographics engage in gaming.

Statista predicts that the gaming industry in Bahrain (including in-game ads and live streaming) will generate over $38 million in 2023 and grow to over $53 million by 2027. Mobile games constitute the largest segment, with a market value nearing $12 million in 2023, expected to grow to more than $18 million by 2027. This is driven by the increasing number of players, expected to reach nearly 400,000 users by 2027. 

These figures show that the domestic gaming market in Bahrain is relatively small because of the limited population. That is why the opportunity lies in serving the larger and growing gaming audience in the Middle East and fostering a local gaming ecosystem that can scale up to serve the region.

However, Bahrain faces stiff competition from its neighbors seeking to diversify their economies through digital services. For example, Saudi Arabia invested in major gaming studios such as Capcom and Activision Blizzard via the Public Investment Fund (PIF), its sovereign fund, and has a national gaming and e-sports strategy. U.A.E. encourages global gaming producers to establish a local presence and hosts major game tournaments and events.

Bahrain should leverage its unique advantages, such as its advanced connectivity infrastructure, skilled workforce, and favorable business environment. Its track record as a technology incubator can also position it as an ideal place to test new ideas, technologies, monetization models, and regulations to support innovative gaming services.

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