| March 29, 2023

Central Asia Embarks on 5G While 4G is Still Lacking

русский

5G is coming to Central Asia, begging the question: what is the current performance and availability of mobile networks? In this article, we will examine the state of mobile networks across five countries that comprise the Central Asian region: Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan. Central Asia is a region comprising upper-middle and low-income countries, rich in natural resources and sharing a common history. The countries within the region recognize that they have to enable good connectivity to ensure people and the economy can benefit from digital transformation. 

Key takeaways

  • Need for more market reforms. The International Telecommunication Union ICT Regulatory Tracker puts three of the five countries: Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan, as regulated public monopolies (G1). Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan have more supportive regulatory environments, but none of the countries is fully transparent. According to the ICT, improved regulatory framework and performance correlate to increases in telecom investment, which positively affects coverage, price competitiveness, adoption levels, and GDP per capita.
  • Kazakhstan led on median download speeds. Kazakhstan topped the ranks in terms of mobile download speed, while Tele 2 Kazakhstan for median download speed across all Central Asia operators in Q4 2022.
  • Kyrgyzstan performed well on 4G Availability. Thanks to the supportive regulatory environment, Kyrgyzstan punches above its weight in terms of mobile performance and 4G Availability compared to other, richer neighbors.
  • Banking on digital transformation. Apart from Turkmenistan, Central Asian countries have initiatives to stimulate mobile adoption and drive digital transformation. Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan, in particular, invest in digital infrastructure to stimulate all facets of the digital economy.

Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan shined the brightest for mobile across Central Asia

Chart of mobile perfromance and 4g availability among operators across central asia

We used Speedtest Intelligence® data to compare performance across Central Asian countries. Kazakhstan had the fastest median mobile download speed at 22.44 Mbps during Q4 2022, and Kyrgyzstan topped the ranks for median upload speed at 9.78 Mbps.

Kyrgyzstan also came first in terms of 4G at 88.8%, up from 81.9% in Q2 2021. Tajikistan made the most progress with regard to 4G Availability — increasing by 12.8 ppt from 59.5% in Q4 2021 to 72.3% in Q4 2022, followed by Uzbekistan, which increased from 67.1% 4G Availability in Q4 2021 to 75.4% in Q4 2022. Turkmenistan had the lowest 4G Availability at 11.6% in Q4 2022, far behind its peers but up from a year prior (6.5% in Q4 2021).

Across Central Asia, where close to half of the population lives in rural areas, it is imperative to make sure that those communities are not left behind when it comes to fast and reliable internet. Speedtest Global Index™ shows that the “stans” still have a way to go to improve their ranking. Governments across Central Asia need to address the root cause of the poor connectivity, which partially stems from the lack of an open and competitive telecom market.

chart of central asian countries key indicators

The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) ICT Regulatory Tracker sheds light on where Central Asia sits when it comes to regulatory environment  — it provides a composite score derived from a set of 50 indicators across four pillars such as regulatory mandate, regulatory authority, regulatory regimen, and competitive framework, as follows:

  • G1: Regulated public monopolies — command and control approach
  • G2: Basic reform — partial liberalization and privatization across the layers
  • G3: Enabling investment, innovation, and access — dual focus on stimulating competition in service and content delivery, and consumer protection
  • G4: Integrated regulation — led by economic and social policy goal

The ITU puts three of the five countries: Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan, as regulated public monopolies (G1). Kazakhstan (G2) and Kyrgyzstan (G3) have more supportive regulatory environments, but none of the countries is fully transparent.

Central Asia embraces digitalization to level up

The availability and quality of mobile networks are crucial across Central Asia due to the low proliferation of fixed-line broadband and mobile being the only de-facto connectivity option, especially in Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Kyrgyzstan. Access to mobile broadband enables a range of services, such as mobile banking and remote education, which are key to digital inclusion and supporting economic growth. All Central Asian countries, bar Turkmenistan, have put strategies in place to stimulate telecom infrastructure and the wider ecosystem.   

ITU ranks Kazakhstan’s regulatory status as G2 means that basic reform took place, and the market is partially liberalized and privatized. Through the Digital Kazakhstan program, Kazakhstan set an ambitious goal to ensure 100% country coverage with high-quality internet and 95% home broadband adoption by 2025. Furthermore, in 2020, Beeline, Kcell, and Tele2 agreed to deploy a shared network to support the government’s “250+” project, which aims to extend high-speed internet to all villages of more than 250 residents. Each operator will build and operate the network in one area providing equal access to the shared infrastructure to the other parties. The five-year project will deliver 3G/4G service to 600,000 people in nearly 1,000 rural settlements. Also, the operators offer a special social tariff, “Tugan zher,” for less than 900 tenges ($1.88).

The Kyrgyz Republic, known as Kyrgyzstan, has the highest levels of mobile penetration across Central Asian countries — 159.9% with 2.94 SIMs per unique mobile subscriber, according to GSMA Intelligence. Despite being the second poorest country across CA, Kyrgyzstan came first regarding 4G Availability (the proportion of users of 4G-capable devices who spend most of their time on 4G networks). The National Development Strategy of the Kyrgyz Republic 2018-2040 is one initiative that facilitates digital transformation to hasten the country’s economic development. The State Communications Agency (SCA) stated in its annual report for 2021 that a total of 2,049 settlements across the country were covered by 4G LTE mobile networks at the end of 2021, equivalent to 96% of the country’s 2,130 officially registered cities, towns and villages. 2G mobile network technology extended to 2,088 locations (98%), while 3G networks were present in 2,081 (97%). Overall, 42 settlements (1.9%) were outside mobile network coverage, some due to a lack of power transmission lines.

At the end of 2020, Uzbekistan embarked on a “Digital Uzbekistan 2030” strategy to stimulate the country’s digital transformation across various industries. To achieve this, Uzbekistan is expanding its telecommunication infrastructure to improve communication quality and close the urban-rural divide (50% of the population lives in rural areas) by inking several partnerships. VEON, Beeline Uzbekistan’s parent company, announced in May 2022 that it would invest $250 million over the next five years to develop the communications infrastructure and ecosystem of digital services in Uzbekistan to support Digital Uzbekistan 2030.

Andrzej Malinowski, the CEO of Beeline Uzbekistan, acknowledges that “there is a clear understanding that (mobile) is a driver of the economy and the best way to further improve education level within the country. We want to enable remote education and build an education platform as a social project, make it zero-rated and available to all”.

VEON also announced it would advise and provide digitalization services to the Uzbek government during the country’s accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO). In September 2022, state-backed Uzbektelecom signed eight contracts with Huawei and ZTE worth $506.8 million. The deal, backed by Uzbekistan’s Ministry of Information Technologies and Communications (MITC), to implement a telecommunication network and infrastructure across the western and eastern regions of the country in two phases to deliver expanded population coverage and QoS. Furthermore, Uzbektelecom has also signed a contract with four Japanese companies — NTT, NEC, Toyota Tsusho, and Internet Initiative Japan (IIJ) — to deploy a telecommunications infrastructure development project to provide data center and telecommunication infrastructure to enable “Digital Uzbekistan 2030”.

Tajikistan is the poorest country in Central Asia, with most of the population living in rural areas (72%). Unsurprisingly, the country ranked low on the Speedtest Global Index, taking 132nd place for mobile and 124th for fixed networks. According to the State Communication Service, only one-third of the population (3.3 million) used mobile Internet in Tajikistan in 2021. One of the reasons behind this is the high expense of mobile broadband subscriptions which costs on average 7.5% of monthly GNI per capita, as per data from the ITU, one of the highest in the region. It also has one of the largest (20 percentage points) gender gaps in mobile ownership. Tajikistan outlined its priorities in the National Development Strategy 2030, as it aims to leverage digital technologies to fight poverty, achieve energy independence, boost food security, and create new jobs for the population.

Turkmenistan, known for its autocratic government and large gas reserves, has the least developed telecommunications sector across Central Asia, partially because of the strong government control over most economic activities, including telecommunication which prevents foreign investment. ITU gave the country an overall score of 6.70 in 2022, second worst only to Djibouti. There is only one operator in the country, Altyn Asyr, which operates under the brand name TM Cell after MTS exited the market in 2019. The lack of competition harms telecommunication services’ availability, affordability, and quality. The treatment of MTS doesn’t encourage foreign investment, which the country desperately needs to build telecom infrastructure. In late 2021, Turkmenistan reportedly purchased equipment, software, and technical support from Huawei.

Tele 2 Kazakhstan topped median download speed; Mega Kyrgyzstan uploads

chart of mobile performance among operators across central asia

Tele 2 Kazakhstan achieved the fastest median mobile download speed across all of the operators in Central Asia in Q4 2022, of 27.25 Mbps, a slight uptick over Q4 2021 (26.13 Mbps median download speed). The only privately owned company in Kazakhstan, Beeline Kazakhstan, was the second fastest operator in Kazakhstan and third across Central Asia — the operator’s investment into mobile is paying off as it has increased its median download speed from 17.97 Mbps in Q4 2021 to 21.95 Mbps in Q4 2022. The operator reported 7.2 million 4G users in Q3 2022, a 25.5% year-on-year increase, translating into 69% 4G penetration of the total customer base (7 percentage points year over year). Beeline Kazakhstan is already the largest mobile operator in the country, with around 42% market share, and it is also the winner regarding mobile number portability.

Kyrgyz operators performed well on 4G Availability

Chart of 4g availability among operators across central asia

4G Availability is a function of smartphone availability and affordability and 4G coverage. According to the National Statistics Office, smartphone shipments to Kyrgyzstan reached 968,000 units between January and July 2022, of which the majority (872,000) were from China, with an average price of $69. Affordable smartphone shipments, combined with the operators’ efforts to expand 4G LTE network coverage, resulted in Kyrgyz operators topping the 4G Availability rankings in Central Asia. The top-ranking operator regarding 4G Availability has had an eventful past couple of months. In December 2022, Megacom Kyrgyzstan, run by the state-owned Alfa-Telecom, started its rebranding campaign to MEGA following Megacom ownership transfer to the state-owned Kyrgyzstan State Development Bank. The operator announced that it expanded and upgraded its 2G, 3G, and 4G networks in seven regions and the capital of the Kyrgyz Republic. It plans to continue network coverage expansion across remote areas of Kyrgyzstan.

The second operator on the chart, Sky Mobile, operating under the Beeline Kyrgyzstan brand, announced In September 2022 that it has expanded its LTE network by deploying or upgrading 1,000 base stations. Additionally, between November 2021 and May 2022, Beeline Kyrgyzstan offered smartphones in installments for six or twelve months bundled with its mobile service package.

Tele2 and Kcell, controlled by the same company Kazakhtelecom, differ regarding 4G Availability. Kcell reported that the 4G/5G smartphone share of total subscribers was 72.8% in Q2 2022 (3.6% higher than a year prior), while LTE traffic accounted for 78.7% of all traffic. Kcell is actively working on expanding LTE coverage — it has increased from 65.1% in 2020 to 67.5% as of 1H 2022. At the end of end-2022, around Kazhtelecom’s twin subsidiaries: Kcell and Tele2-Altel, operated 14,000 cellular base stations. On the other hand, Beeline Kazakhstan, part of the VEON group, reported that it installed over 4,000 base stations during 2022, taking its total to more than 25,000 base stations. The operator also stated it provides 97% LTE coverage within each area where it has deployed 4G base stations.

Beeline Uzbekistan outperformed other Uzbek operators on 4G Availability; the operator stated that it covered 79% of the population with an LTE network in 2022, a 16% year-over-year increase. In Q3 2022, the operator reported a 40% year-over-year data revenue increase based on strong mobile data usage (+42.2% YoY). 4G users grew by almost 35% during Q3 2022 to 5.2 million, driven by an expanded network rollout and portfolio of digital products. The absence of big tech such as Spotify means Beeline can drive local content. Beeline Uzbekistan follows its parent company’s strategy of offering digital products and bundles, which helps with churn reduction and increased consumer loyalty — 33% of its customers are multiplayer consumers. My Beeline, its locally developed self-service app, had 2.6 million monthly active users (MAUs) — almost a third more than a year ago. Local entertainment platforms such as Beeline TV and Beeline Music had 1.2 million MAUs. Beeline has set up a wholly owned software house called BeeLab, which has been recently awarded a license from the Uzbekistan Central Bank to provide payment services. Beeline Uzbekistan subscribers can pay for a total of 500 services by using the Beepul mobile application. Mr Malinowski recognized a need to build an ecosystem around mobile payment to bring a third of the Uzbek population, currently unbanked, into the economy to enable a cashless society.

Megafon Tajikistan outran other Tajik operators in Q4 2022; its network investment can partially explain this — it announced that the number of 4G base stations increased by nearly 40% during 2022, while it added around 300 4G base stations until November 2022.

The International Finance Corporation (IFC), part of the World Bank, provided a $30 million loan to Tcell, the largest mobile operator in Tajikistan, to support its network expansion and improve connectivity across the country, especially in remote, less-densely populated areas of the country.

Almaty in Kazakhstan took the top spot in terms of mobile download speed

map of mobile performance across cities in central asia

Given that Kazakhstan had the fastest mobile speed amongst its peers, it is not surprising that Almaty, the largest city in Kazakhstan, the country’s former capital, and financial and cultural center of Central Asia, was the top-ranked city in Q4 2022, with a median download speed of 25.78 Mbps and 11.06 Mbps upload speed. Tele2’s median download speed was 30.10 Mbps, just ahead of Beeline with 29.27 Mbps but double that of Kcell (12.39 Mbps download speed).

Despite Kyrgyzstan having the best 4G Availability across neighboring countries, this is not the case when it comes to capital cities; three cities share the honors here: 4G Availability in the Kazakh cities of Almaty and Astana, and the capital of Kyrgyzstan, Bishkek, exceeded 84%.

4G for all, or 5G for a few?

Across the countries Beeline operates, its strategy is to primarily deploy 4G networks rather than to focus on 5G. This was particularly visible as Beeline didn’t participate in Kazakhstan’s latest 5G spectrum auction. In December 2022, the consortium of mobile operators Mobile Telecom Services (Tele2 and Altel brands) and Kcell (Kcell and Active brand), both controlled by Kazakhtelecom, won two 100 MHz blocks in the 3.6 – 3.7 GHz and 3.7 – 3.8 GHz spectrum band. In December 2022, the Minister of Digital Development announced that 75% of Astana, Almaty, and Shymkent and 60% of regional centers will be covered by 5G networks by 2027. The state-owned operator, Kazakhtelecom, already outlined its plans concerning the 5G services launch, with the first 486 base stations scheduled to be launched in Astana, Almaty, and Shymkent in 2023, ahead of a wider rollout of over 7,000 5G cell sites across the Kcell and Tele2-Altel networks by the end of 2025.

Operators across the rest of Central Asia, apart from Turkmenistan, followed suit. Mobile operators started to deploy and test 5G networks, although with limited geographic reach.

Surprisingly Tajikistan was one of the first countries in Central Asia to launch 5G. MegaFon Tajikistan was the first in Tajikistan to activate a 5G base station in Dushanbe in February 2020, followed by Tcell in August 2020, and ZET Mobile in 2021. Operators in Kyrgyzstan are piloting 5G as well. In September 2022, MegaCom, in partnership with Huawei and the Ministry of Digital Development, launched a 5G showcase zone in Bishkek. Nur Telecom (O!) opened a second demo zone in October 2022 in the city of Osh, in addition to the one in Bishkek.

Central Asian countries understand the benefits digital transformation brings, and some, such as Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan, have initiatives to stimulate mobile adoption and drive the country’s digital transformation. Others need to take a hard look at the regulatory and competitive landscape to drive telecom market development. 

Operators continue to modernize their networks and we are keeping a close eye on how the network deployments are progressing and the network performance end users experience. If you are interested in benchmarking your performance or if you’d like to learn more about internet speeds and performance in other markets around the world visit the Speedtest Global Index.


Центральная Азия внедряет 5G при дефиците 4G

5G приходит в Центральную Азию, в связи с чем возникает вопрос: какова текущая производительность и доступность мобильных сетей? В этой статье мы рассмотрим состояние мобильных сетей в пяти странах, входящих в регион Центральной Азии: Казахстане, Кыргызстане, Таджикистане, Узбекистане и Туркменистане. Регион Центральной Азии объединяет страны с различным уровнем доходов, включая как высокий, так и низкий, а также обладающие богатыми природными ресурсами и имеющие общую историю. Страны региона признают, что они должны обеспечить хорошую связь, чтобы люди и экономика могли извлечь выгоду из цифровой трансформации.

Основные выводы

  • Необходимость дополнительных рыночных реформ. ICT Regulatory Tracker Международного союза электросвязи относит три из пяти стран, Таджикистан, Узбекистан и Туркменистан, к регулируемым государственным монополиям (G1). Казахстан и Кыргызстан имеют более благоприятную нормативно-правовую базу, но ни одна из стран не является полностью прозрачной. По данным ICT, улучшенная нормативно-правовая база и эффективность регулирующих органов коррелируют с увеличением инвестиций в телекоммуникации, что положительно влияет на покрытие, ценовую конкурентоспособность, уровень внедрения и ВВП на душу населения.
  • Казахстан лидирует по средней скорости загрузки. Казахстан возглавил рейтинг по скорости загрузки с мобильных устройств, а Tele 2 Kazakhstan — по средней скорости загрузки среди всех операторов Центральной Азии в четвертом квартале 2022 года.
  •  Кыргызстан показал хорошие результаты по доступности 4G. Благодаря благоприятной нормативно-правовой среде Кыргызстан превосходит своих более богатых соседей с точки зрения скорости и доступности 4G.
  • Ставка на цифровую трансформацию. Помимо Туркменистана, в странах Центральной Азии есть инициативы по стимулированию внедрения мобильных устройств и цифровой трансформации. Узбекистан и Казахстан, в частности, инвестируют в цифровую инфраструктуру, чтобы стимулировать все аспекты цифровой экономики.

Казахстан и Кыргызстан имеют лучшую мобильную связь в Центральной Азии

График скорости и доступности 4G в Центральной Азии

Мы воспользовались данными Speedtest Intelligence®, чтобы сравнить скорость в странах Центральной Азии. В четвертом квартале 2022 года у Казахстана была самая высокая средняя скорость загрузки с мобильных устройств — 22,44 Мбит/с, а Кыргызстан возглавил рейтинг по средней скорости передачи — 9,78 Мбит/с.

Кыргызстан также занял первое место по доступности 4G с 88,8 % по сравнению с 81,9 % во втором квартале 2021 года. Таджикистан добился наибольшего прогресса в отношении доступности 4G, показав рост на 12,8 п. п. с 59,5 % в четвертом квартале 2021 года до 72,3 % в четвертом квартале 2022 года. Далее следует Узбекистан, в котором доступность 4G увеличилась с 67,1 % в четвертом квартале 2021 года до 75,4% в четвертом квартале 2022 года. В Туркменистане был самый низкий уровень доступности 4G — 11,6 % в четвертом квартале 2022 года, что значительно уступает показателям соседей, но выше, чем годом ранее (6,5 % в четвертом квартале 2021 года).

В Центральной Азии, где почти половина населения проживает в сельской местности, крайне важно, чтобы населению был доступен быстрый и надежный интернет. Согласно Speedtest Global Index™, «станам» еще есть куда стремиться, чтобы улучшить свой рейтинг. Правительствам стран Центральной Азии необходимо устранить первопричину плохой связи, которая частично связана с отсутствием открытого и конкурентного рынка телекоммуникаций.

Таблица основных показателей стран Центральной Азии

ICT Regulatory Tracker Международного союза электросвязи (ITU) проливает свет на положение Центральной Азии в том, что касается регулирования. Трекер предоставляет сводную оценку, полученную из набора 50 показателей по четырем основным элементам, таким как регулирующий мандат, регулирующий орган, режим регулирования и конкурентная среда, как показано ниже.

  • G1: регулируемые государственные монополии — командно-управленческий подход
  • G2: базовая реформа — частичная либерализация и многоуровневая приватизация
  • G3: обеспечение инвестиций, инноваций и доступа — двойной акцент на стимулирование конкуренции в сфере предоставления услуг и контента, а также на защиту прав потребителей
  • G4: интегрированное регулирование — направленное на достижение целей экономической и социальной политики

ITU относит три из пяти стран, Таджикистан, Узбекистан и Туркменистан, к регулируемым государственным монополиям (G1). Казахстан (G2) и Кыргызстан (G3) имеют более благоприятную нормативно-правовую базу, но ни одна из стран не является полностью прозрачной.

Центральная Азия проводит цифровую трансформацию, чтобы подняться на новый уровень

Доступность и качество мобильных сетей имеют решающее значение в Центральной Азии из-за низкого распространения стационарной широкополосной связи, а мобильная связь является фактически единственным вариантом выхода в сеть, особенно в Таджикистане, Туркменистане и Кыргызстане. Доступ к мобильной широкополосной связи позволяет предоставлять ряд услуг, таких как мобильный банкинг и дистанционное обучение, которые имеют ключевое значение для охвата цифровыми технологиями и поддержки экономического роста. Все страны Центральной Азии, за исключением Туркменистана, разработали стратегии по развитию телекоммуникационной инфраструктуры и расширению экосистемы.

ITU оценивает регулятивный статус Казахстана как G2, что означает, что основные реформы были проведены, а рынок частично либерализован и приватизирован. В рамках программы Цифровой Казахстан, Казахстан поставил перед собой амбициозную цель: к 2025 году на 100 % обеспечить страну качественным интернетом и на 95 % — домашним широкополосным доступом. Кроме того, в 2020 году компании Beeline, Kcell и Tele2 договорились развернуть общую сеть для поддержки государственного проекта «250+», целью которого является распространение высокоскоростного интернета на все села с населением более 250 жителей. Каждый оператор будет строить и эксплуатировать сеть в своей зоне, предоставляя равный доступ к общей инфраструктуре другим сторонам. Пятилетний проект предоставит услуги 3G/4G 600 000 человек почти в 1000 сельских населенных пунктов. Также операторы предлагают специальный социальный тариф «Туган жер» стоимостью менее 900 тенге (1,88 долл. США).

По данным GSMA Intelligence, Кыргызская Республика, известная как Кыргызстан, имеет самый высокий уровень проникновения мобильной связи среди стран Центральной Азии — 159,9 % с 2,94 SIM-карты на одного мобильного абонента. Несмотря на то, что Кыргызстан является второй беднейшей страной в Центральной Азии, он занял первое место по доступности 4G (по доле пользователей устройств с поддержкой 4G, которые проводят большую часть своего времени в сетях 4G). «Национальная стратегия развития Кыргызской Республики на 2018–2040 годы» является одной из инициатив, способствующих цифровой трансформации для ускорения экономического развития страны. Государственное агентство связи (SCA) в своем годовом отчете за 2021 год сообщило, что на конец 2021 года мобильными сетями 4G LTE было покрыто 2049 населенных пунктов, что соответствует 96 % из 2130 официально зарегистрированных городов, поселков и сел страны. Технология мобильных сетей 2G распространилась на 2088 населенных пунктов (98 %), а сети 3G присутствовали в 2081 (97 %). Всего 42 населенных пункта (1,9 %) оказались вне зоны действия мобильной связи, в том числе из-за отсутствия линий электропередачи.

В конце 2020 года Узбекистан приступил к реализации стратегии «Цифровой Узбекистан — 2030», направленной на стимулирование цифровой трансформации страны в различных отраслях. Для этого Узбекистан расширяет свою телекоммуникационную инфраструктуру, чтобы улучшить качество связи и сократить разрыв между городом и деревней (50 % населения проживает в сельской местности) путем заключения нескольких партнерств. В мае 2022 года VEON, материнская компания Beeline Uzbekistan, объявила, что в течение следующих пяти лет инвестирует 250 миллионов долларов США в развитие коммуникационной инфраструктуры и экосистемы цифровых услуг в Узбекистане для поддержки стратегии «Цифровой Узбекистан — 2030».

Анджей Малиновский,  генеральный директор Beeline Uzbekistan, признает, что «существует четкое понимание того, что (мобильная связь) является движущей силой экономики и лучшим способом помочь в улучшении уровня образования в стране. Мы хотим обеспечить дистанционное обучение и построить образовательную платформу как социальный проект, сделать ее безналоговой и доступной для всех».

В VEON также объявили, что будут консультировать и предоставлять услуги по цифровой трансформации правительству Узбекистана во время вступления страны во Всемирную торговую организацию (ВТО). В сентябре 2022 года поддерживаемая государством компания «Узбектелеком» подписала восемь контрактов с Huawei и ZTE на сумму 506,8 млн долларов США. Сделка, поддержанная Министерством информационных технологий и связи Узбекистана, предусматривает внедрение телекоммуникационной сети и инфраструктуры в западных и восточных регионах страны в два этапа, чтобы обеспечить расширенное покрытие для населения и высокое качество услуг. Кроме того, «Узбектелеком» также подписал контракт с четырьмя японскими компаниями — NTT, NEC, Toyota Tsusho и Internet Initiative Japan (IIJ) — на развертывание проекта развития телекоммуникационной инфраструктуры для предоставления центра обработки данных и телекоммуникационной инфраструктуры и поддержки стратегии «Цифровой Узбекистан — 2030».

Таджикистан — самая бедная страна в Центральной Азии, большая часть населения которой проживает в сельской местности (72 %). Неудивительно, что страна получила низкий рейтинг в Speedtest Global Index, заняв 132-е место для мобильных и 124-е место для стационарных сетей. По данным Государственной службы связи, в 2021 году в Таджикистане только треть населения (3,3 млн человек) пользовалась мобильным интернетом. Одной из причин этого является высокая стоимость подписки на мобильный широкополосный интернет, которая в среднем составляет 7,5 % от месячного ВНД на душу населения (по данным ITU), что является одним из самых высоких показателей в регионе. В стране также наблюдается один из самых больших (20 процентных пунктов) гендерных разрывов в плане владения мобильными устройствами. Таджикистан обозначил свои приоритеты в Национальной стратегии развития до 2030 года, она направлена на использование цифровых технологий для борьбы с бедностью, достижения энергетической независимости, повышения продовольственной безопасности и создания новых рабочих мест для населения.

Туркменистан, известный своим авторитарным правительством и большими запасами газа, имеет наименее развитый телекоммуникационный сектор в Центральной Азии, отчасти из-за сильного государственного контроля над большей частью экономической деятельности, включая телекоммуникации, что препятствует иностранным инвестициям. Союз ITU дал стране общий балл 6,70 в 2022 году, что является вторым худшим показателем после Джибути. В стране действует только один оператор «Алтын Асыр», который, после того, как компания «МТС» ушла с рынка в 2019 году, работает под торговой маркой TM Cell. Отсутствие конкуренции негативно сказывается на зоне покрытия, доступности и качестве телекоммуникационных услуг. Уход «МТС» не способствует привлечению иностранных инвестиций, в которых страна остро нуждается для создания телекоммуникационной инфраструктуры. Сообщается, что в конце 2021 года Туркменистан приобрел оборудование, программное обеспечение и техническую поддержку у Huawei.

Tele 2 Казахстан лидирует по средней скорости загрузки; Mega Кыргызстан — передачи

График скорости мобильного интернета среди операторов Центральной Азии

Оператор Tele 2 Казахстан показал самую высокую среднюю скорость загрузки мобильного интернета среди всех операторов в Центральной Азии в четвертом квартале 2022 года, которая составила 27,25 Мбит/с, что немного превышает среднюю скорость загрузки за четвертый квартал 2021 года (26,13 Мбит/с). Единственная частная компания в Казахстане, Beeline Казахстан, была вторым самым быстрым оператором в Казахстане и третьим в Центральной Азии — инвестиции оператора в мобильную связь окупаются, поскольку он увеличил среднюю скорость загрузки с 17,97 Мбит/с в четвертом квартале 2021 года до 21,95 Мбит/с в четвертом квартале 2022 года. Оператор сообщил о 7,2 млн пользователей 4G в третьем квартале 2022 года, что на 25,5 % больше, чем в прошлом году, и соответствует 69 % проникновению 4G от общей клиентской базы (7 процентных пунктов в годовом исчислении). Beeline Казахстан уже является крупнейшим оператором мобильной связи в стране с долей рынка около 42 %, а также лидером по переносимости мобильных номеров.

Кыргызские операторы показали хорошие результаты по доступности 4G

График доступности 4G среди операторов Центральной Азии

Доступность 4G зависит от наличия и доступности смартфонов, а также покрытия 4G. По данным Национального статистического управления, поставки смартфонов в Кыргызстан в период с января по июль 2022 года достигли 968 000 единиц, из которых большая часть (872 000) были из Китая, по средней цене 69 долларов США. Поставки доступных смартфонов в сочетании с усилиями операторов по расширению покрытия сети 4G LTE привели к тому, что кыргызские операторы заняли первое место в рейтинге доступности 4G в Центральной Азии. У оператора, занимающего первое место в отношении доступности 4G, последние пару месяцев были насыщенными событиями. В декабре 2022 года оператор Megacom Кыргызстан, управляемый государственной компанией «Альфа-Телеком», начал ребрендинг в MEGA после передачи права собственности на Megacom государственному банку развития Кыргызстана. Оператор объявил о расширении и модернизации своих сетей 2G, 3G и 4G в семи регионах и столице Кыргызской Республики. Он планирует продолжить расширение покрытия сети в отдаленных районах Кыргызстана.

Второй оператор в таблице, Sky Mobile, работающий под брендом Beeline Кыргызстан, объявил в сентябре 2022 года, что он расширил свою сеть LTE, развернув или модернизировав 1000 базовых станций. Кроме того, в период с ноября 2021 года по май 2022 года Beeline Кыргызстан предлагал смартфоны в рассрочку на шесть или двенадцать месяцев в комплекте с пакетом услуг мобильной связи.

Операторы Tele2 и Kcell, оба контролируемые компанией «Казахтелеком», имеют разные показатели доступности 4G. Kcell сообщает, что доля смартфонов 4G/5G в общем количестве абонентов составила 72,8 % во втором квартале 2022 г. (на 3,6 % больше, чем годом ранее), в то время как на трафик LTE пришлось 78,7 %. Kcell активно работает над расширением покрытия LTE — оно увеличилось с 65,1 % в 2020 году до 67,5 % по состоянию на 1 полугодие 2022 года. По состоянию на конец 2022 года дочерними компаниями-близнецами «Казтелекома», Kcell и Tele2-Altel, эксплуатировалось 14 000 базовых станций сотовой связи. С другой стороны, оператор Beeline Казахстан, входящий в группу VEON, сообщил, что в течение 2022 года он установил более 4000 базовых станций, в результате чего их общее количество составило более 25 000. Оператор также заявил, что обеспечивает 97 % покрытия LTE в каждой области, где развернуты базовые станции 4G.

Beeline Узбекистан превзошел других узбекских операторов по доступности 4G. Оператор заявил, что в 2022 году он охватил сетью LTE 79 % населения, что на 16 % больше, чем в прошлом году. В третьем квартале 2022 года оператор сообщил об увеличении выручки от передачи данных на 40 % по сравнению с аналогичным периодом прошлого года за счет активного использования мобильных данных (+42,2 % в годовом исчислении). Количество пользователей 4G выросло почти на 35 % в течение третьего квартала 2022 года до 5,2 млн благодаря расширению сети и портфеля цифровых продуктов. Отсутствие крупных брендов, таких как Spotify, означает, что Beeline может продвигать локальный контент. Beeline Узбекистан следует стратегии материнской компании по предложению цифровых продуктов и пакетов, что помогает сократить отток клиентов и повысить лояльность потребителей — 33 % его клиентов используют многопользовательские продукты. My Beeline, местное приложение для самообслуживания, насчитывало 2,6 миллиона активных пользователей в месяц (АПМ) — почти на треть больше, чем год назад. Местные развлекательные платформы, такие как Beeline TV и Beeline Music, насчитывали 1,2 млн АПМ. В Beeline создали собственную компанию по разработке программного обеспечения под названием BeeLab, которая недавно получила лицензию Центрального банка Узбекистана на предоставление платежных услуг. Абоненты Beeline в Узбекистане могут оплатить в общей сложности 500 услуг с помощью мобильного приложения Beepul. Г-н Малиновский признал необходимость создания экосистемы вокруг мобильных платежей, чтобы вовлечь в экономику треть населения Узбекистана, которое в настоящее время не имеет доступа к банковским услугам, и сделать общество безналичным.

Megafon Таджикистан опередил других таджикских операторов в 4 квартале 2022 года; это могут частично объяснить его сетевые инвестиции — оператор объявил, что количество базовых станций 4G увеличилось почти на 40 % в течение 2022 года, а к ноябрю 2022 года было добавлено около 300 базовых станций 4G.

Международная финансовая корпорация (IFC), входящая в состав Всемирного банка, предоставила крупнейшему оператору мобильной связи в Таджикистане, компании Tcell, кредит в размере 30 миллионов долларов для расширения сети и улучшения связи по всей стране, особенно в отдаленных, менее густонаселенных районах страны.

Город Алматы в Казахстане занял первое место по скорости мобильной загрузки

Карта скорости мобильного интернета в городах Средней Азии

интернета среди соседних стран, неудивительно, что Алматы, крупнейший город Казахстана, бывшая столица страны и финансовый и культурный центр Центральной Азии, занял первое место в четвертом квартале 2022 года. Средняя скорость загрузки составила 25,78 Мбит/с, а передачи — 11,06 Мбит/с. Средняя скорость загрузки у Tele2 составила 30,10 Мбит/с, что чуть больше, чем у Beeline с его 29,27 Мбит/с, но вдвое больше, чем у Kcell (скорость загрузки — 12,39 Мбит/с).

Несмотря на то, что Кыргызстан имеет лучшую доступность 4G среди соседних стран, в столицах ситуация противоположная — здесь доступность 4G в казахстанских городах Алматы и Астана, а также столице Кыргызстана Бишкеке превысила 84%.

4G для всех или 5G для избранных?

Во всех странах, где работает Beeline, его стратегия заключается в том, чтобы в первую очередь развертывать сети 4G, а не фокусироваться на 5G. Это также очевидно ввиду того факта, что Beeline не участвовал в последнем казахстанском аукционе частот 5G. В декабре 2022 года консорциум операторов сотовой связи Mobile Telecom Services (бренды Tele2 и Altel) и Kcell (бренды Kcell и Active), оба подконтрольные «Казахтелеком», выиграл две полосы по 100 МГц в диапазоне частот 3,6–3,7 ГГц и 3,7–3,8 ГГц. В декабре 2022 года министр цифрового развития объявил, что 75 % Астаны, Алматы и Шымкента и 60 % областных центров будут покрыты сетями 5G к 2027 году. Государственный оператор «Казахтелеком» уже изложил свои планы по запуску услуг 5G: первые 486 базовых станций планируется запустить в Астане, Алматы и Шымкенте в 2023 году, а позже, к концу 2025 года, — еще более 7000 сотовых вышек 5G в сетях Kcell и Tele2-Altel.

Операторы по всей остальной Центральной Азии, кроме Туркменистана, последовали их примеру. Операторы мобильной связи начали развертывать и тестировать сети 5G, хотя и с ограниченным географическим охватом.

Как ни странно, Таджикистан был одной из первых стран Центральной Азии, запустивших 5G. Первым в Таджикистане в феврале 2020 года «МегаФон Таджикистан» активировал базовую станцию 5G в Душанбе, следом в августе 2020 года Tcell и ZET Mobile. Операторы в Кыргызстане также тестируют 5G. В сентябре 2022 года MegaCom в партнерстве с Huawei и Министерством цифрового развития запустили демонстрационную зону 5G в Бишкеке. «НУР Телеком» (О!) открыл вторую демонстрационную зону в октябре 2022 года в городе Ош, в дополнение к бишкекской.

Страны Центральной Азии осознают преимущества, которые приносит цифровая трансформация, а некоторые, такие как Узбекистан и Казахстан, выдвигают инициативы по внедрению мобильных технологий и цифровой трансформации страны. Другим странам необходимо пересмотреть нормативную и конкурентную среду, чтобы стимулировать развитие рынка телекоммуникаций.

Операторы продолжают модернизировать свои сети, и мы внимательно следим за тем, как продвигается их развертывание и как оценивают их производительность конечные пользователи. Если вы хотите сравнить свои показатели или узнать больше о скорости и производительности интернета на других рынках по всему миру, посетите Speedtest Global Index.

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| December 18, 2022

Stable and Expanding: The State of Worldwide 5G in 2022


5G is no longer a new technology, however, consumers in many countries are still waiting to see the full benefits of 5G (or even to connect to 5G at all). We examined Speedtest Intelligence® data from Q3 2022 Speedtest® results to see how 5G performance has changed since last year, where download speeds are the fastest at the country level, and how satellite technologies are offering additional options to connect. We also looked at countries that don’t yet have 5G to understand where consumers are seeing improvements in 4G LTE access.

5G speeds were stable at the global level

Graphic of 5G median speed performance worldwide.

In 2021, we discussed how an expansion of 5G access led to a decline in overall speed at the global level. This year showed a stabilization in overall speed, even as 5G access broadened, with a median global 5G download speed of 168.27 Mbps in Q3 2022 as compared to 166.13 Mbps in Q3 2021. Median upload speed over 5G slowed slightly to 18.71 Mbps (from 21.08 Mbps) during the same period. According to the Ookla® 5G Map™, there were 127,509 5G deployments in 128 countries as of November 30, 2022, compared to 85,602 in 112 countries the year prior.

South Korea and the United Arab Emirates led countries for 5G speeds

Chart of fastest countries for median 5G download speed

South Korea and the U.A.E. had the fastest median download speed over 5G at 516.15 Mbps and 511.70 Mbps, respectively, during Q3 2022, leading a top 10 list that included Bulgaria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Kuwait, New Zealand, Bahrain, and Brazil. Bulgaria, Singapore, Bahrain, and Brazil were new to the top 10 in 2022, while Norway, Sweden, China, and Taiwan fell out of the top 10.

Satellite became more accessible but performance slowed

2022 saw a proliferation of fast, low-earth orbit (LEO) satellite internet from Starlink across the world. Q1 2022 saw Starlink speeds increase year over year in Canada and the U.S., with Starlink in Mexico having the fastest satellite internet in North America, Starlink in Lithuania the fastest in Europe, Starlink in Chile the fastest in South America, and Starlink in Australia the fastest in Oceania.

Q2 2022 saw Starlink speeds decrease in Canada, France, Germany, New Zealand, the U.K., and the U.S. from Q1 2022 as Starlink crossed the 400,000 user threshold across the world. Starlink in Puerto Rico debuted as the fastest satellite provider in North America. Starlink outperformed fixed broadband averages in 16 European countries. Starlink in Brazil had the fastest satellite speeds in South America. And Starlink in New Zealand was the fastest satellite provider in Oceania.

During Q3 2022, Starlink performance dipped once again from Q2 2022 in Canada and the U.S., while remaining about the same in Chile. Starlink in Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands had the fastest satellite speeds in North America, while Starlink in Brazil again was the fastest satellite provider in South America.

With Viasat, HughesNet, and Project Kuiper set to launch huge LEO constellations in 2023, consumers around the world are poised to have more fast satellite internet options, particularly as the European Commission makes its own play for a constellation and Eutelsat and OneWeb potentially merging.

5G Availability points to on-going challenges

5G Availability measures the proportion of Speedtest users with 5G-capable handsets, who spend a majority of time connected to 5G networks. It’s therefore a function of 5G coverage and adoption. We see wide disparity in 5G Availability among markets worldwide, with for example the U.S. recording 54.3% in Q3 2022, well ahead of markets such as Sweden and the U.A.E., with 8.6% and 8.3% respectively.

Chart of 5G availability in select markets, based on users with 5G-capable handsets

Critical levers for mobile operators to increase 5G Availability include:

  • Increasing 5G coverage by deploying additional base stations
  • Obtaining access to, or refarming, sub-GHz spectrum, to help broaden 5G coverage, as sub-GHz spectrum has superior propagation properties than that of higher frequency spectrum bands.
  • Encouraging 5G adoption among users with 5G-capable handsets.

Speedtest Intelligence points to 5G adoption challenges in some markets, with 5G Availability dropping in Bulgaria, South Korea, the Netherlands, and the U.A.E. As more users acquire 5G-capable devices, operators need to balance their pricing models to ensure users have sufficient incentives to purchase a 5G tariff.

Chart of percentage change in 5G availability in select markets, based on users with 5G-capable handsets

Where 5G continues to fail to reach

Speedtest Intelligence showed 29 countries in the world where more than 20% of samples were from 2G and 3G connections (combined) during Q3 2022 and met our statistical threshold to be included (down from 70 in Q3 2021). These are mostly countries where 5G is still aspirational for a majority of the population, which is being left behind technologically, having to rely on decades-old technologies that are only sufficient for basic voice and texting, social media, and navigation apps. We’re glad to see so many countries fall off this list, but having so many consumers on 2G and 3G also prevents mobile operators from making 4G and 5G networks more efficient. If operators and regulators are able to work to upgrade their users to 4G and higher, everyone will benefit.

Countries That Still Rely Heavily on 2G and 3G Connections
Speedtest IntelligenceⓇ | Q3 2021
Country 2G & 3G Samples
Central African Republic 76.2%
Turkmenistan 58.5%
Kiribati 51.6%
Micronesia 47.4%
Rwanda 41.1%
Belarus 39.7%
Equatorial Guinea 37.7%
Afghanistan 36.7%
Palestine 33.5%
Madagascar 27.5%
Sudan 27.4%
Lesotho 26.5%
South Sudan 26.3%
Benin 26.0%
Guinea 25.5%
Cape Verde 24.3%
Tonga 24.3%
Syria 23.4%
The Gambia 23.4%
Ghana 23.3%
Palau 22.9%
Niger 22.8%
Tajikistan 22.7%
Mozambique 22.4%
Guyana 21.8%
Togo 21.8%
Congo 21.1%
Moldova 20.8%
Saint Kitts and Nevis 20.0%

We were pleased to see the following countries come off the list from last year, having dropped below the 20% threshold: Algeria, Angola, Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Armenia, Barbados, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Burundi, Caribbean Netherlands, Cook Islands, Dominica, Ecuador, El Salvador, Ethiopia, Gabon, Grenada, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Liberia, Mauritania, Namibia, Nigeria, Papua New Guinea, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Sierra Leone, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Suriname, Swaziland, Tanzania, Trinidad and Tobago, Uganda, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Yemen, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. While countries like Belarus, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Guinea, Guyana, Madagascar, Palestine, Rwanda, South Sudan, Tajikistan, Togo, and Turkmenistan are still on this list, they have improved the percentage of their samples on these outmoded technologies when compared to last year by at least 10 points. Palestine improved by more than 50 points. 2G and 3G samples in Kiribati increased 3.2 points when comparing Q3 2022 to Q3 2021.

We’re glad to see performance levels normalize as 5G expands to more and more countries and access improves and we are optimistic that 2023 will bring further improvements. Keep track of how well your country is performing on Ookla’s Speedtest Global Index™ or track performance in thousands of cities worldwide with the Speedtest Performance Directory™.

Ookla retains ownership of this article including all of the intellectual property rights, data, content graphs and analysis. This article may not be quoted, reproduced, distributed or published for any commercial purpose without prior consent. Members of the press and others using the findings in this article for non-commercial purposes are welcome to publicly share and link to report information with attribution to Ookla.

| December 20, 2021

Growing and Slowing: The State of 5G Worldwide in 2021


5G continues to offer new and exciting ways of rethinking everything from streaming video to performing remote surgery. However, not everyone shares equally in these possibilities as many countries do not have access to 5G and even those that do, do not experience the same level of performance from their 5G connections. We examined Speedtest Intelligence® data from Q3 2021 Speedtest® results to see how 5G speeds have changed, where download speeds are the fastest at the country and capital level, where 5G deployments have increased and what worldwide 5G Availability looked like in Q3 2021. We also looked at countries that don’t yet have 5G to understand where consumers are seeing improvements in 4G access.

5G slowed down at the global level

Median-Speeds-Worldwide_1221-01

It’s common to see new mobile access technologies slow down as adoption scales, particularly early on in the tech cycle. Over the past year from Q3 2020 to Q3 2021, the median global 5G download speed fell to 166.13 Mbps, down from 206.22 Mbps in Q3 2020. Median upload speed over 5G also slowed to 21.08 Mbps (from 29.52 Mbps) during the same period.

More users are logging on to existing 5G networks, and we’re also at the stage in the evolution of 5G where countries that have historically had slower speeds are starting to offer 5G. In addition, the widespread use of dynamic spectrum sharing that has been used to boost early 5G coverage weighs on 5G download speeds. While the dip in speeds looks like a letdown, it’s more of a compromise to enable broader access. With additional spectrum and further deployments slated for 2022, we anticipate speeds will begin to pick up again.

South Korea had the fastest 5G in the world

ookla_5g-download_performance_countries_1221-01-1

South Korea had the fastest median download speed over 5G during Q3 2021, leading a top 10 list that included Norway, United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Kuwait, Sweden, China, Taiwan and New Zealand. Sweden, China, Taiwan and New Zealand were new to the top 10 in 2021 while South Africa (whose 5G was brand new last year), Spain and Hungary fell out of the top 10.

5G expanded to 13 additional countries

ookla_5G-map_1221-01

According to the Ookla® 5G Map, there were 5G deployments in 112 countries as of November 30, 2021. That’s up from 99 countries on the same date a year ago. The total number of deployments increased dramatically during the same time period with 85,602 deployments on November 30, 2021 compared to 17,428 on November 30, 2020, highlighting the degree to which 5G networks scaled during the year. Note that there are often multiple deployments in a given city.

Seoul and Oslo lead world capitals for 5G

ookla_5g-download_performance_capitals_1221-01

Speedtest Intelligence data from Q3 2021 shows a wide range of median 5G speeds among global capitals. Seoul, South Korea and Oslo, Norway were in the lead with 530.83 Mbps and 513.08 Mbps, respectively; Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Riyadh, Saudi Arabia and Doha Qatar followed. Brasilia, Brazil had the slowest median download speed over 5G on our list, followed by Warsaw, Poland; Cape Town, South Africa and Rome, Italy. Stockholm, Sweden and Oslo, Norway had some of the the fastest median upload speeds over 5G at 56.26 Mbps and 49.95 Mbps, respectively, while Cape Town had the slowest at 14.53 Mbps.

The U.S. had the highest 5G Availability

The presence of 5G is only one indicator in a market, because even in markets where 5G has launched, coverage and adoption can be pretty low. We analyzed 5G Availability to see what percent of users on 5G-capable devices spent the majority of their time on 5G, both roaming and on-network during Q3 2021.

ookla_5g-availability_countries_1221-01

The United States had the highest 5G Availability at 49.2%, followed by the Netherlands (45.1%), South Korea (43.8%), Kuwait (35.5%) and Qatar (34.8%). Brazil had the lowest 5G Availability on our list at 0.8%, followed by Sweden (1.5%), South Africa (2.7%), New Zealand (2.9%) and Hungary (3.6%).

Not all 5G networks are created equal

Ookla Speedtest Intelligence data shows a growing disparity in the performance of 5G networks worldwide, even among the pioneer markets who were among the first to launch the new technology. We see leading markets such as South Korea, Norway, the UAE and China pulling well ahead of key European markets, the U.S. and Japan on 5G download speeds, creating what increasingly looks like two tiers of 5G markets.

ookla_5g-download_performance_1221-01

Part of the reason for this divergence is access to key 5G spectrum bands, with Verizon and AT&T in the U.S. for example, soon to deploy their C-band spectrum holdings for 5G use. However, what really seems to separate these markets is the level of 5G network densification. The number of people per 5G base station ranges from 319 in South Korea and 1,531 in China, to 4,224 in the EU and 6,590 in the US, according to the European 5G Observatory’s International Scoreboard during October 2021.

Despite the noise around 6G, 5G still has a long way to run

Median 5G mobile download speeds across these markets are respectable relative to the International Telecommunication Union’s (ITU) IMT-2020 target of 100 Mbps for user experienced download data rates. However, 5G Speedtest® results in each market demonstrate significant variability, with the bottom 10th percentile only recording speeds in excess of the IMT-2020 target in South Korea and Norway, and falling significantly short in many other markets, with Spain, Italy and the U.S. below 20 Mbps.

The story gets worse for upload speeds, where no market’s median speed broke the IMT-2020 recommended 50 Mbps, and where the bottom 10th percentile lay in single digits across the board. Operators are clearly prioritizing download speeds over upload, which makes sense given the asymmetric nature of demand, with most consumer applications requiring higher download speeds. However, as operators increasingly look to target the enterprise market with 5G connectivity and consumer demand for services such as video calling and mobile gaming continues to rise, operators will need to boost upload speeds.

ookla_5g-upload_performance_1221-01-1

Demand for mobile internet bandwidth continues to grow, up 43% year-on-year in Q3 2021 according to Ericsson’s latest mobility report. Looking ahead to 2022, operators will need to increase the capacity of their 5G networks to tackle this growing demand while driving network speeds to new heights. We’ve seen the impact the deployment of new spectrum can have on congested networks during 2021, with Reliance Jio witnessing a bump in 4G LTE performance and consumer sentiment following its acquisition of additional spectrum in India.

Where 5G still fails to reach

Speedtest Intelligence showed 70 countries in the world where more than 20% of samples were from 2G and 3G connections (combined) during Q3 2021 and met our statistical threshold to be included. These are mostly countries where 5G is still aspirational for a majority of the population. As excited as we are about the expansion of 5G, we do not want to see these countries left behind. Not only are 2G and 3G decades old, they are only sufficient for basic voice and texting, social media and navigation apps. To deliver rich media experiences or video calling, users need access to 4G or higher. Having so many consumers on 2G and 3G also prevents mobile operators from refarming that spectrum to make 4G and 5G networks more efficient.

Countries That Still Rely Heavily on 2G and 3G Connections
Speedtest IntelligenceⓇ | Q3 2021
Country 2G & 3G Samples
Central African Republic 89.9%
Palestine 84.7%
Yemen 72.4%
Turkmenistan 71.8%
Micronesia 56.3%
Madagascar 55.0%
Belarus 53.2%
Rwanda 51.7%
Kiribati 48.4%
Equatorial Guinea 47.6%
Afghanistan 44.4%
South Sudan 43.4%
Guyana 42.3%
Guinea 37.0%
Angola 36.8%
Cape Verde 35.9%
Tajikistan 35.6%
Zimbabwe 34.7%
Benin 34.4%
Togo 33.8%
Ghana 33.0%
Sierra Leone 31.7%
Antigua and Barbuda 30.2%
Vanuatu 30.1%
Lesotho 30.0%
Syria 29.6%
Moldova 29.4%
Saint Kitts and Nevis 28.9%
Mozambique 28.8%
Sudan 28.4%
Palau 28.3%
Grenada 28.1%
Tanzania 27.6%
Uganda 27.5%
Niger 27.5%
Gabon 27.5%
Haiti 27.4%
Suriname 27.4%
Tonga 27.3%
Liberia 27.0%
Namibia 26.7%
Swaziland 26.5%
The Gambia 26.3%
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 26.3%
Dominica 26.3%
Somalia 26.1%
Cook Islands 26.0%
Zambia 25.9%
Barbados 25.7%
Armenia 25.5%
Algeria 25.4%
Papua New Guinea 25.2%
Jamaica 24.5%
Venezuela 24.2%
Ethiopia 24.1%
Uzbekistan 24.0%
El Salvador 23.5%
Honduras 23.1%
Nigeria 23.0%
Solomon Islands 22.8%
Caribbean Netherlands 22.7%
Botswana 22.3%
Anguilla 21.7%
Mauritania 20.6%
Saint Lucia 20.5%
Bosnia and Herzegovina 20.3%
Burundi 20.3%
Ecuador 20.2%
Ukraine 20.1%
Trinidad and Tobago 20.0%

We were pleased to see the following countries come off the list from last year, having dropped below the 20% threshold: Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Belize, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Costa Rica, Côte d’Ivoire, DR Congo, Iraq, Kenya, Laos, Libya, Maldives, Mali, Mauritius, Mongolia, Nicaragua, Paraguay and Tunisia. While countries like Palestine, Suriname, Ethiopia, Haiti and Antigua and Barbuda are still on this list, they have improved the percentage of their samples on these outmoded technologies when compared to last year (dropping 10-15 points, respectively), 2G and 3G samples in Belarus increased 6.7 points when comparing Q3 2021 to Q3 2020.

We’re excited to see how performance levels will normalize as 5G expands to more and more countries and access improves. Keep track of how well your country is performing on Ookla’s Speedtest Global Index.

Ookla retains ownership of this article including all of the intellectual property rights, data, content graphs and analysis. This article may not be quoted, reproduced, distributed or published for any commercial purpose without prior consent. Members of the press and others using the findings in this article for non-commercial purposes are welcome to publicly share and link to report information with attribution to Ookla.

| December 10, 2020

Massive Expansions and Huge Improvements in Speed: The Worldwide Growth of 5G in 2020

The rapid expansion of 5G in countries across the globe was a bright spot in a year that needed one. But just how great is the news? We examined Speedtest Intelligence® data from over 60.5 million Speedtest® results during Q3 2020 to see how much speeds have improved, where download speeds are the fastest at the country and capital level, where 5G deployments have increased and what worldwide 5G coverage looks like now. We also looked at countries where 5G doesn’t yet reach to understand where good news might be on the horizon.

We have only included countries with commercially available 5G on these lists in order to provide a more accurate view of the performance consumers can reasonably expect. While our data shows results for many countries where 5G is not yet commercially available, these tests are likely results from engineers testing their own networks. In addition, we’re only providing analysis for countries with more than 200 samples during Q3 2020. The bars shown in our charts are 95% confidence intervals, which represent the range of values in which the true value is likely to be. Countries marked in tables with an asterisk first launched 5G commercially in 2020.

5G downloads were 954% faster than 4G at the global level

The worldwide median download speed over 5G was 954% faster than that over 4G during Q3 2020. Median upload speed over 5G was 311% faster than that over 4G. Consumers are eagerly adopting the new technology and many have wanted to measure the full throughput capacity of their network connection. In Q3 2020 alone, there were 4,324,788 Speedtest results over 5G.
Median-Speeds-Worldwide_1220-1

United Arab Emirates had the fastest 5G

United Arab Emirates topped the list of countries with the fastest top 10% 5G download speed in Q3 2020. Top 10% (or 90th percentile) measures the speeds seen by the fastest 10% of users and is a way to gauge what each country’s networks are capable of. Saudi Arabia was second for top 10% 5G download speed, Norway third, Spain fourth and Japan fifth.
Fastest-Countries-Top-5G-Download-Speed_1220-2

Another way to measure 5G performance is to look at median 5G download speed, which is a better predictor of the kind of performance most 5G customers can expect. Norway was the country with the fastest median download speed over 5G during Q3 2020. U.A.E. was second in this category, South Africa third, Saudi Arabia fourth and Spain fifth.
Fastest-Countries-Median-5G-Download-Speed_1220-2

It’s notable that Japan was on the list of 10 countries with the fastest top 10% 5G download speed but not on the list of 10 countries with the fastest median download speed over 5G. No matter how fast a country’s mobile infrastructure is, many other factors go into median 5G speeds, including device adoption and spectrum allocation.

Abu Dhabi tops list of 5G speeds in world capitals

Our examination of 5G performance for 18 world capital cities with 5G during Q3 2020 found that Abu Dhabi had the fastest median download speed over 5G at 546.81 Mbps. Riyadh was second, Madrid third, Seoul fourth and Kuwait City fifth. As we saw at the country level, median upload speed was much lower than download speed.
Median-5G-Performance-Capitals_1220-2

How 5G performance and time spent compare within regions

We looked more closely at 5G performance across several intergovernmental organizations and trade blocs to get a better sense of how countries are performing in comparison to their neighbors and trade partners. We also calculated Time Spent on 5G, the proportion of time that users with 5G-capable devices spent on 5G, for each country.

Italy had the fastest 5G among G7 countries, U.S. the slowest

Italy had the fastest median download speed over 5G of all the G7 countries. Japan was second, Canada third, the U.K. fourth and Germany fifth. The U.S. had the highest Time Spent on 5G, followed by Canada. For a deeper analysis of 5G in the U.K., read our previous coverage. Because France launched commercially available 5G only within the last couple of weeks, we have not included it on this table.
5G-Performance-G7-Countries_1220

South Africa was the only country in the African Union with sufficient 5G to rate

As we saw above, South Africa’s impressive median download speed over 5G ranked the country third in the world during Q3 2020. South Africa was only one of two countries in the African Union to have commercially available 5G during Q3 2020. The other, Madagascar, did not have sufficient samples to properly analyze. Time Spent on 5G in South Africa was very low, an indication that 5G is not yet widely available there.
5G-Performance-Africa_1220

South Korea had the fastest 5G in APEC countries, U.S. the slowest

A median download speed over 5G of 411.11 Mbps put South Korea comfortably at the top of Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) countries with the fastest 5G during Q3 2020. Thailand was second, Australia third, China fourth and Taiwan fifth. 5G speeds represented the largest improvement over 4G in the Philippines where the median download speed over 4G during Q3 2020 (9.36 Mbps) was substantially lower than that of other countries on this list.

South Korea and the U.S. tied for highest Time Spent on 5G among APEC countries during Q3 2020, followed by Hong Kong and Taiwan.
5G-Performance-APEC_1220

Spain had the fastest 5G in the E.U., Poland the slowest

Spain showed the fastest median download speed over 5G among the 11 European Union (E.U.) countries with sufficient 5G samples to rank during Q3 2020. Hungary was second, Finland third, Romania fourth and Ireland fifth. Spain’s median download speed over 5G also represented the largest gain over 4G among all of these countries, partially because Spain had the second slowest median download speed over 4G. France is not included on this list because 5G did not become commercially available in the country until after Q3 2020.

The Netherlands had the highest Time Spent on 5G among E.U. countries during Q3 2020, indicating that customers with 5G phones are able to spend far more time on 5G there than in other E.U. countries. Denmark was second for Time Spent on 5G among EU countries in Q3 2020 and Finland third.
5G-Performance-EU_1220

U.A.E had the fastest 5G in Gulf Cooperation Council Countries

With the second fastest median download speed over 5G in the world, U.A.E. was also the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) country with the fastest 5G during Q3 2020. Saudi Arabia was second and Qatar third. While Oman does have commercially available 5G, there were insufficient samples in the country during Q3 2020 to properly analyze performance.

5G represented the largest improvement over 4G in Kuwait and Bahrain, countries that had slower median download speeds over 4G than their neighbors.

Time Spent on 5G was relatively high in all the GCC countries on this list, except Bahrain, when compared to other countries in the world during Q3 2020. Qatar showed the highest Time Spent on 5G among GCC countries in Q3 2020 at 16.0%. U.A.E. was second and Saudi Arabia third.
5G-Performance-GCC_1220

Brazil was the only MERCOSUR country with sufficient 5G to rate

Brazil’s median download speed over 5G of 84.60 Mbps during Q3 2020 may not seem fast for 5G, but it still puts Brazil well ahead of other countries in the Southern Common Market (MERCOSUR), most of which do not yet have 5G at all. We did see 5G results in Colombia, but there were insufficient samples to properly compare.

Time Spent on 5G in Brazil during Q3 2020 was not quite one percent, indicating that customers do not have much access to 5G yet.
5G-Performance-MERCOSUR_1220

The U.S., Europe and Asia see widespread 5G coverage

Data from Cell Analytics™ shows a global view of 5G coverage in Q3 2020. This map, based on 5G connectivity data for opted-in Speedtest users, shows that 5G is spreading rapidly across the U.S., Europe, the Arabian Peninsula and Asia. In other regions, 5G is primarily available in larger cities, if at all.
Global-5G-Coverage_1220

99 countries worldwide had 5G, in 14,643 total cities

The number of countries with 5G deployments increased 62.3% between Q3 2019 and Q3 2020, with 99 countries having 5G deployments at the end of Q3 2020, according to the Ookla 5G Map™. There were 14,643 cities worldwide with 5G deployments at the end of Q3 2020, a 1,671% increase over Q3 2019. The total number of deployments worldwide was 17,046. The counts here and throughout this section include commercially available 5G as well as 5G networks with limited availability and those in pre-release.

Countries with the Most 5G Cities
Ookla 5G Map™ | Q3 2020
Country Numbers of Cities with 5G
United States 7,583
Germany 2,312
Austria 1,104
Netherlands* 1,009
Switzerland 554
Thailand* 325
Ireland 214
Puerto Rico 187
United Kingdom 169
Kuwait 97

The U.S. had the most cities with 5G deployments at the end of Q3 2020 with 7,583. Germany was second, Austria third, the Netherlands fourth and Switzerland fifth. A deployment is when a provider has some level of 5G presence in a city. A city can have multiple deployments when more than one provider is present.

Countries with the Largest Growth in Number of Deployments
Ookla 5G Map™ | Q3 2020
Country 5G Deployments as of Q3 2020 % Change Q3 2020 vs Q3 2019
Netherlands* 1,071 50,350%
Thailand* 451 32,401%
United States 7,808 21,566%
Germany 2,417 11,460%
Canada* 93 7,600%
Austria 1,173 4,918%
Ireland 236 4,180%
Poland 81 3,150%
Japan* 75 2,050%
Oman 50 2,000%

The Netherlands showed the largest percentage change in the number of 5G deployments between Q3 2019 and Q3 2020 with a 50,350% jump from two deployments in Q3 2019 to 1,071 in Q3 2020. Thailand saw the second largest percentage increase, the U.S. third, Germany fourth and Canada fifth.

Most early trials and commercial deployments of 5G spectrum allocations around the world have been centered around fallow swaths of the mid-band (3.3 GHz – 4.2 GHz) spectrum. With the recent commercialization of Dynamic Spectrum Sharing (DSS) across all major 5G infrastructure vendors, there is now increasing demand for 5G support on many existing 4G frequencies, ranging from 600 MHz to 2.5 GHz. In unique 5G markets like Japan, there is an additional need for the 4.5 GHz band as well as the millimeter wave (FR2).

In the United States, early deployments leveraged millimeter wave frequency bands in the 28 GHz and the 39 GHz, which delivered impressive speeds in a very constrained footprint. The rapid 5G deployment in the 600 MHz band has added a substantial nationwide 5G footprint — and with that, much wider 5G availability for many more Americans. With the recent merger between T-Mobile and Sprint, the deployment of 2.5 GHz spectrum has been significantly accelerated, which should improve both network efficiency and user experience on T-Mobile’s network. Additionally, next year’s availability of 5G Carrier Aggregation will allow T-Mobile to combine 600 MHz with 2.5 GHz to deliver improved 5G speeds on top of the existing nationwide footprint. In addition, DSS has recently been deployed by AT&T and Verizon, which allows operators to choose from existing low-band spectrum assets (850 MHz) and deliver both LTE and 5G at the same time. This feature alone doesn’t add a significant boost in perceived user experience, but will certainly improve the 5G footprint.

China showed the highest percentage of 5G test samples

Another way to measure 5G adoption is to look at the proportion of samples taken over 5G relative to the total number of samples on all technologies. Speedtest Intelligence is uniquely positioned to measure global growth in 5G because of the worldwide adoption of Speedtest apps. China had the highest percentage of 5G Speedtest results compared to other mobile technology types in Q3 2020 at 18.9%. South Korea was second, Hong Kong third, Puerto Rico fourth and Qatar fifth.

Countries with the Most 5G
Speedtest Intelligence® | Q3 2020
Country 5G Samples as a % of Total
China 18.9%
South Korea 15.8%
Hong Kong (S.A.R.)* 7.9%
Puerto Rico 6.7%
Qatar 5.7%
United States 5.5%
Netherlands* 4.9%
United Arab Emirates 4.6%
Kuwait 4.6%
Australia 4.2%

What 5G will look like in 2021

With recently announced device chipset advancements expected in 2021, including 5G Carrier Aggregation, operators will be able to combine two 5G frequency bands in the sub-6GHz (FR1) range, allowing not only faster speeds, but also greater coverage. More importantly, the ability to combine Frequency Division Duplexing (FDD) and Time Division Duplexing (TDD) FR1 channels will enable operators to leverage low-band frequencies (sub-1GHz) for uplink transmissions (user device to cell site), while combining the low-band with the mid-band (2.5 GHz, 3.5 GHz) on the downlink. This should significantly expand the availability of fast 5G download speeds across larger geographies.

Similarly, DSS — which is a stepping stone to standalone 5G and allows for the simultaneous delivery of 4G and 5G technology on the same spectrum slice — will enable operators to combine already-deployed FDD spectrum with dedicated mid-band spectrum for an enhanced standalone 5G experience. This will unlock the full potential of 5G networks, such as ultra low latency and network slicing, while delivering an improved mobile experience to users.

Where 5G fails to reach

During Q3 2020 Speedtest Intelligence showed 55 countries in the world (with more than 200 samples) where more than 20% of samples were from 2G and 3G connections (combined). These are countries where, in many cases, 5G is still aspirational. As excited as we are about the expansion of 5G, we do not want to see these countries left behind.

Countries That Still Rely Heavily on 2G and 3G Connections
Speedtest Intelligence® | Q3 2020
Country 2G & 3G Samples 4G Samples
Turkmenistan 74.9% 25.1%
Rwanda 52.3% 47.7%
Iraq 49.4% 50.6%
Belarus 46.5% 53.5%
Afghanistan 46.0% 54.0%
Antigua and Barbuda 40.2% 59.8%
Tajikistan 40.2% 59.8%
Suriname 39.7% 60.3%
Haiti 37.7% 62.3%
Syria 37.5% 62.5%
Ghana 36.0% 64.0%
Ethiopia 35.0% 65.0%
Mozambique 34.7% 65.3%
Benin 34.3% 65.7%
Angola 34.1% 65.9%
El Salvador 32.5% 67.5%
Moldova 31.8% 68.2%
Venezuela 30.3% 69.7%
Tanzania 30.0% 70.0%
Papua New Guinea 29.5% 70.5%
Jamaica 29.4% 70.6%
Sudan 29.2% 70.8%
Algeria 29.0% 71.0%
Namibia 28.5% 71.5%
Zimbabwe 28.5% 71.5%
Somalia 28.4% 71.6%
Nicaragua 28.1% 71.9%
Armenia 28.1% 71.9%
Bosnia and Herzegovina 28.1% 71.9%
Uzbekistan 27.8% 72.2%
Cameroon 27.5% 72.5%
Zambia 27.4% 72.6%
Uganda 26.6% 73.4%
Trinidad and Tobago 26.6% 73.4%
Honduras 26.5% 73.5%
Bangladesh 26.3% 73.7%
Burkina Faso 26.0% 74.0%
Ukraine 25.8% 74.2%
Nigeria 25.7% 74.3%
DR Congo 24.6% 75.4%
Costa Rica 24.3% 75.7%
Botswana 24.1% 75.9%
Libya 22.9% 77.1%
Azerbaijan 22.9% 77.1%
Ecuador 22.8% 77.2%
Mali 22.4% 77.6%
Mongolia 21.8% 78.2%
Maldives 21.6% 78.4%
Mauritius 21.3% 78.7%
Tunisia 21.0% 79.0%
Belize 20.7% 79.3%
Laos 20.5% 79.5%
Kenya 20.3% 79.7%
Paraguay 20.1% 79.9%
Côte d’Ivoire 20.0% 80.0%

In markets where 4G layers haven’t been deployed or substantially covered, end users fall back to the circuit-switched network (2G, 3G). These decades-old network technologies should be sufficient for basic voice and texting, social media, and navigation apps, but cannot deliver rich media experiences or video calling. Unfortunately, many countries on this list are places where consumers rely primarily on mobile phones for their internet connectivity.

5G is radically changing the speeds and capabilities of mobile networks around the world. If the current growth rate continues, it won’t be long before most nations have access to 5G. But there are nations and subsets of subscribers who may not see the benefits of 5G for years to come. We will continue reporting on 5G achievements across the globe and watching speeds in general on the Speedtest Global Index™.

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