| October 13, 2024

South Korea Leads Mobile Game Score in East Asia as 5G Drives Improved Mobile Gaming Experience

As 5G networks continue their rapid proliferation across Asia Pacific, it is poised to transform mobile gaming. It has brought faster downloads, smoother gameplay, and more immersive experiences with its fast speeds and minimal lag. This article examines the impact of 5G on mobile gaming experience in the region, in particular within selected East Asia markets.

Key Takeaways

  • South Korea led the Game Score™ in East Asia with 90.06 out of 100 during 1H 2024, followed by China with 85.64 and Japan with a score of 81.85. South Korea also recorded the lowest gaming latency across all technologies in the region, with a median latency of 55 ms, outperforming neighboring markets.
  • 5G addressed the latency and bandwidth challenges of 4G networks for mobile gaming by providing significantly higher bandwidth and speed. In 1H 2024, 5G download speeds were, on average, 4.91 times faster than 4G across East Asia, with South Korean users experiencing 8.45 times improvement over 4G. Latency also improved compared to 4G  across all markets, with South Korea leading the region with a reported latency of 51 ms. 
  • South Korean operators topped East Asia’s 5G Game Score rankings, with all three major carriers achieving scores above 90. LG U+ provided the best gaming experience with a 5G Game Score of 92.56 and a median latency of 49 ms, closely followed by SK Telecom and KT. China Unicom led the Chinese market with a score of 88.73, while Softbank was the top performer in Japan with a score of 87.31. All top operators across East Asia reported strong gaming performance on 5G, with scores over 80.

Asia Pacific at the forefront of global gaming market growth

The global games market, encompassing both mobile and other platforms, generated over $184 billion in revenue in 2023, a year-on-year growth of 0.6%. Notably, the Asia Pacific region continues to lead the gaming sector, contributing a remarkable $84.1 billion to this total. This dominance not only reflects the region’s vibrant gaming culture but also emphasizes its pivotal role in driving the industry’s overall growth. Mobile gaming, in particular, has solidified its position as a dominant force within this market, capturing a significant 49% share and generating approximately $90 billion in revenue in 2023. This surge underscores a fundamental shift in consumer preferences, as gamers increasingly favor mobile devices for their gaming experiences.

Growth in mobile gaming is further fueled by strategic initiatives from governments and mobile operators in various markets, particularly within East Asia. These stakeholders are actively promoting mobile gaming through supportive policies and enhanced connectivity, fostering an environment ripe for innovation and engagement. As a result, East Asia is well-positioned to continue leading the global gaming market in the years to come.

China, as one of the largest gaming markets, is actively supported by government agencies and telecom operators in promoting mobile gaming. The recent lift of the regulatory freeze on approving new games is significantly propelling the growth of the gaming industry, with major players such as Tencent and NetEase leading the way in driving innovation in mobile gaming.

South Korea is another leading nation in the mobile gaming industry, supported by strong government involvement. The Ministry of Culture, Sports, and Tourism has long been sponsoring esports and gaming tournaments like the World Cyber Olympics. The recent initiatives include building infrastructure like the esports stadium in Pangyo, and companies like Netmarble and Nexon dominate the market with government-backed initiatives for global gaming expansion.

In Japan, the government has been actively promoting the gaming industry, including mobile gaming, by providing tax incentives and creating an ecosystem that fosters innovation and esports. Japan’s mobile operators, such as NTT Docomo and SoftBank, have partnered with game developers to enhance cloud gaming experiences, offering services like 5G gaming platforms to ensure smooth, high-speed gaming on mobile devices. 

In Hong Kong, the government has focused on transforming the city into a regional hub for esports and gaming technology. Various public-private partnerships are in place to host major gaming tournaments, elevating Hong Kong’s profile in the regional gaming scene. Similarly in Taiwan, the government is supporting mobile gaming through initiatives focused on the development of esports. The Ministry of Digital Affairs has introduced policies to encourage indie game developers to enter the esports arena, positioning Taiwan as a competitive player in the region’s mobile gaming and esports market.

South Korea leads East Asia in Game Score and has the lowest latency

A smooth mobile gaming experience relies on stable and fast mobile data connections. With real-time multiplayer games becoming the norm, low latency and minimal lag are essential for uninterrupted gameplay. High-speed mobile data ensures quick responses to in-game actions, reducing delays and enhancing immersion, which helps players stay competitive and enjoy a seamless gaming experience.

Our Speedtest Game Score™ is a unique measure to assess consumer gaming experience across different networks. The score takes into account different aspects of a consumer’s gaming experience based on multiple network key performance indicators. Game Score is based on Ookla’s consumer-initiated Speedtest results for download and upload speeds, as well as Consumer QoE’s™ latency and jitter measurements taken to real-world game servers. Each of these components is evaluated and scored on a scale of 0-100,  and are then combined in a weighted average to produce a Game Score. A higher score signifies a better gaming experience for the user.

Overall Game Score™ in Selected East Asia Markets
Speedtest Intelligence® | 1H 2024

Across the East Asia markets, South Korea had the highest Game Scores across all mobile technologies during the first half of 2024 in APAC with a score of 90.06 on a 100-point scale. This is not surprising as South Korea consistently tops Ookla’s Speedtest Global Index mobile performance ranking for Asia Pacific markets. South Korea was followed by China with a score of 85.64 and Japan with a score of 81.85. 

South Korea also stands out with the lowest gaming latency across all technologies compared to the neighboring markets in East Asia. In 1H 2024, South Korea reported a median gaming latency of 55 ms, significantly outperforming the other markets. Japan follows with a median latency of 68 ms, still offering a smooth gaming experience. Meanwhile, China, Taiwan, and Hong Kong show higher latencies of 85 ms, 84 ms, and 87 ms, respectively. These higher latencies suggest potential delays and less fluid gameplay compared to South Korea and Japan. 

5G driving enhanced mobile gaming experience 

The limitations of previous generation mobile networks, particularly in terms of latency and bandwidth, have restricted the full potential of mobile games. 5G has overcome these challenges by offering significantly higher bandwidth and speed than 4G. This advancement enables faster downloads and updates for games, along with smooth streaming of high-quality content. It’s especially beneficial for cloud gaming, especially cloud-based AAA games played on mobile devices, which demand substantial data for a lag-free experience. 

Game Latency, the delay before data transfer starts, is key for gaming. Lower latency equals faster reactions in-game, and 5G’s ultra-low latency removes lag in online games, making gameplay smooth and responsive. Speedtest data shows that for the markets in East Asia, all reported improved latency on 5G compared to 4G, and all markets had latency of below 80 ms during the first half of 2024. South Korea reported the lowest latency on 5G at 51 ms, followed by Japan with 65 ms. Hong Kong and China saw gaming latency improvements of 15 ms on 5G, resulting in latencies of 73 ms and 79 ms, respectively. Enhancements in 5G infrastructure and connecting to a server within a gamer’s own region can enhance overall gaming latency.

Mobile Gaming Performance in Selected East Asia Markets
Speedtest Intelligence® | 1H 2024

While download speed requirements for online mobile gaming vary depending on the game type, faster download speeds ensure smoother gameplay, faster matchmaking, and reduced wait times for content. Several factors influence download speed, including the quality of the mobile network, network congestion, signal strength, and the device’s processing power. A stable and fast connection allows for an optimal gaming experience, minimizing delays and disruptions.

Speedtest Intelligence data from 1H 2024 shows a significant improvement in overall performance when comparing 4G and 5G networks in selected East Asia markets. The median download speed in these markets was, on average, five times faster than the median download speeds of 4G. South Korean mobile users experienced the most significant increase in download performance, with 5G median download speeds reported to be eight times faster than 4G, increasing from 61.11 Mbps to 524.99 Mbps. Taiwan and China both reported median download speeds of more than 200 Mbps and around five times performance improvement, at 265.21 Mbps and 226.93 Mbps, respectively.

Upload speed also plays an essential role in creating a smooth gaming experience without interruptions or quality degradation, particularly in multiplayer games. Across all markets, there is a significant increase in upload speeds with 5G compared to 4G. Notably, South Korea has the largest improvement in upload speeds between 4G and 5G, with 5G offering almost four times higher upload performance. This means that gamers in South Korea could experience the most substantial improvement in gameplay and streaming quality when transitioning from 4G to 5G. In other markets, the switch to 5G resulted in at least a twofold improvement in upload speeds compared to 4G.

South Korean operators top gaming experience in the region

A global leader in 5G adoption, South Korea boasts a thriving mobile gaming industry. With 5G, the country has witnessed a surge in the popularity of esports and cloud gaming services. The Ministry of Culture, Sports, and Tourism has long been sponsoring esports and gaming tournaments like the World Cyber Olympics. Other initiatives include building infrastructure like the esports stadium in Pangyo. Of all the top operators in the markets in East Asia, South Korean operators sit at the top for 5G Game Score in 1H 2024, with all three major operators reported Game Score of above 90.

Top Operators 5G Game Score
Speedtest Intelligence® | 1H 2024

LG U+ provided the best 5G gaming experience in 1H 2024 among all the operators in the market, with a 5G Game Score of 92.56 and a median game latency to key gaming server locations of 49 ms. LG U+ was closely followed by SK Telecom with a 5G Game Score of 92.33 and KT with 90.98.

China Unicom was top for operators from China, the world’s largest mobile gaming market, with a Game Score of 88.73. Softbank leads in terms of 5G Game Score among all the top operators from Japan with a score of 87.31. Overall all the top operators in East Asia reported very good Game Score results, with scores above 80.

5G as a catalyst for cloud gaming services

One of the most significant advancements in mobile gaming is cloud gaming, where games are streamed directly from the cloud, removing the need for high-end hardware. This technology allows gamers to play cutting-edge titles on handheld devices without being bound by hardware limitations, making it possible to experience seamless gaming both indoors and on the go. 

The rollout of 5G networks in East Asia has been a game-changer for cloud gaming. Ericsson’s research shows that two-thirds of gamers rely primarily on mobile networks (4G/5G) or Wi-Fi for cloud gaming, with the most common setup being a smartphone connected via a mobile network. The faster speeds, lower latency, and greater bandwidth offered by 5G are essential to delivering the smooth, responsive experiences cloud gaming demands, placing higher requirements on network operators to ensure consistent quality of service (QoS). 

For the mobile operators in East Asia, the strategy is to use cloud gaming to attract more 5G subscribers. In Hong Kong, CSL partnered with Blacknut, a premium game streaming platform, to provide access to over 500 cloud-based games across multiple devices for a monthly fee. South Korea has also been a leader in cloud gaming, with LG U+ offering GeForce Now, which enables users to stream games directly from servers, and SK Telecom launching SKT 5GX Cloud Game in collaboration with Microsoft, offering a robust library of games via the cloud since 2020.

Tencent, one of the world’s largest gaming companies, partnered with China Unicom to integrate START, a cloud gaming platform designed to deliver high-quality gaming experiences without the need for high-performance devices. This initiative is part of China’s push for 5G and cloud gaming, providing gamers with smooth and immersive gaming experiences through ultra-fast mobile connections.

These initiatives highlight the growing synergy between telecom operators and gaming companies in East Asia. As 5G continues to expand, cloud gaming is poised to become more accessible and reliable, enabling millions of gamers across the region to enjoy high-quality gaming experiences without the need for expensive hardware. This evolution not only enhances the gaming landscape but also drives the demand for robust, high-performance mobile networks, ensuring that 5G will continue to play a central role in the future of cloud gaming.

We will continue to monitor mobile gaming performance across Asia Pacific. For more information about Speedtest Intelligence data and insights, please contact us.

Ookla retains ownership of this article including all of the intellectual property rights, data, content graphs and analysis. This article may not be quoted, reproduced, distributed or published for any commercial purpose without prior consent. Members of the press and others using the findings in this article for non-commercial purposes are welcome to publicly share and link to report information with attribution to Ookla.

| June 17, 2024

Your Guide to Airport Wi-Fi and Mobile Performance at 50+ Global Airports in 2024

Airports around the world have been packed with travelers this year, which puts extra stress on the Wi-Fi. With summer travel already well in swing in the northern hemisphere, we’re back with fresh data for our series on airport Wi-Fi performance to help you plan for connectivity at all your connections. You’ll find information about Wi-Fi on free networks provided by the individual airports as well as mobile speeds at some of the busiest airports in the world during Q1 2024. Read on for a look at internet performance at over 50 of the world’s busiest airports with data on download speed, upload speed, and latency.

Key takeaways

  • The seven fastest airports for downloads over Wi-Fi were in the United States: San Francisco International Airport, Newark Liberty International Airport, John F. Kennedy International Airport, Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport, Seattle–Tacoma International Airport, Dallas Fort Worth International Airport, and Harry Reid International Airport.
  • Six U.S. airports had the fastest uploads over Wi-Fi: San Francisco International Airport, Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport, Newark Liberty International Airport, Seattle–Tacoma International Airport, Dallas Fort Worth International Airport, and John F. Kennedy International Airport.
  • The fastest mobile download speeds on our list were at Hamad International Airport in Doha, Qatar, Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport in China, and Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport in the U.S.
  • Eight of the 10 airports with the fastest mobile upload speeds were in China.

9 airports have 100+ Mbps Wi-Fi download speeds

Speedtest Intelligence® showed seven of the nine airports with median Wi-Fi download speeds over 100 Mbps were in the U.S.:

  • San Francisco International Airport (173.55 Mbps),
  • Newark Liberty International Airport (166.51 Mbps),
  • John F. Kennedy International Airport (151.59 Mbps),
  • Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport (151.28 Mbps),
  • Seattle–Tacoma International Airport (137.31 Mbps),
  • Dallas Fort Worth International Airport (119.92 Mbps), and
  • Harry Reid International Airport (107.84 Mbps).

Charles de Gaulle Airport in Paris, France and China’s Hangzhou Xiaoshan International Airport rounded out the list with median download speeds of 107.13 Mbps and 101.01 Mbps, respectively. Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport and Sea–Tac had the lowest median multi-server latency on Wi-Fi of any of the airports surveyed during Q1 2024.

Hover on the pins on the map below to see full details for download and upload speeds as well as latency at all the airports analyzed.

Fixed Broadband Internet Speeds Over Free Wi-Fi at Global Airports
Speedtest Intelligence® | Q1 2024
A map showing fixed broadband speeds in selected global airports.

At Ookla®, we’re dedicated to making sure the networks you depend on are always at their best. With Ekahau®, our Wi-Fi solution, we know firsthand just how challenging it can be to optimize Wi-Fi at airports, especially when you have up to 900 people waiting at each boarding gate during the busiest travel times. While the speeds achieved by these top airports are impressive, we saw two smaller U.S. airports with median Wi-Fi download speeds over 200 Mbps during our U.S.-only analysis of airport Wi-Fi in the fall.

Six airports on our list use multiple SSIDs for their Wi-Fi networks for different terminals or to take advantage of the coverage advantages of 2.4 GHz and the speed advantages of 5 GHz frequencies. We have included data for all the SSIDs with sufficient samples in the map and reported in the text on the best result when using multiple SSIDs results in dramatically different speeds.

Eighteen airports on our list had median Wi-Fi download speeds of less than 25 Mbps. Mexico City International Airport in Mexico had the lowest median Wi-Fi download speed at 5.11 Mbps, followed by:

  • Tan Son Nhat International Airport in Vietnam (7.07 Mbps),
  • Beijing Capital International Airport in China (9.45 Mbps),
  • Cairo International Airport in Egypt (10.62 Mbps), and
  • Tokyo Haneda Airport in Japan (11.37 Mbps).

You may struggle with everything from video chatting to streaming at any airport with a download speed below 25 Mbps. Latency is also a factor in performance so if your airport is one of the three with a median Wi-Fi latency over 60 ms, a mobile hotspot may be a better option for a stable connection.

Wi-Fi 6 has arrived

Our analysis shows at least 15 airports on our list were using the new Wi-Fi 6 standard in their Wi-Fi setup. Wi-Fi 6 uses Multi-User Multiple Input, Multiple Output (MU-MIMO) and Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) to increase performance and throughput, especially when serving multiple devices. This offers a real advantage at a large public location like an airport. In order to get maximum benefit from Wi-Fi 6, consumers would need to be using Wi-Fi 6-compatible devices. Speedtest data shows a fairly even split between airports that saw faster download speeds on Wi-Fi 6 and airports where Wi-Fi 6 results were comparable to those on other earlier Wi-Fi generations.

As you know, international travel can be complicated. Even if the airport offers free Wi-Fi, you may encounter other barriers to access. For example, a local number is required in Cairo to receive the access code to connect to the airport Wi-Fi. And while we’d love to include other large airports like Nigeria’s Murtala Muhammed International Airport in future Wi-Fi analyses, they currently do not offer free Wi-Fi so we have included mobile data below.

11 airports show mobile speeds over 200 Mbps

Speedtest® data shows mobile speeds massively outpaced Wi-Fi, with 14 airports showing faster median downloads over mobile than the fastest airport for Wi-Fi. Hamad International Airport in Qatar had the fastest median download speed over mobile on our list at 442.49 Mbps during Q1 2024, followed by:

  • Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport (341.19 Mbps),
  • Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport (295.94 Mbps),
  • Shanghai Pudong International Airport (264.71 Mbps),
  • Chongqing Jiangbei International Airport (258.42 Mbps), and
  • Istanbul Airport (255.51 Mbps).

Mobile Network Speeds at Global Airports
Speedtest Intelligence® | Q1 2024

Fastest mobile speeds at airports in Africa and South America

Jomo Kenyatta International Airport in Kenya had the fastest mobile download speeds of the four African airports we analyzed at 88.12 Mbps during Q1 2024. São Paulo/Guarulhos International Airport in Brazil was the faster of the two Latin American airports analyzed with a median download speed of 55.44 Mbps.

Airports with slow mobile speeds

Mobile can’t fix everything, because six airports came in with a median mobile download speed below 25 Mbps. Mexico City International Airport was again at the bottom with 8.75 Mbps, followed by:

  • Josep Tarradellas Barcelona–El Prat Airport (15.21 Mbps),
  • Orlando International Airport (15.84 Mbps),
  • Adolfo Suárez Madrid–Barajas Airport (20.37 Mbps),
  • Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport (20.96 Mbps), and
  • Indira Gandhi International Airport (21.80 Mbps).

Latency on mobile was generally higher than that on Wi-Fi with 46 airports showing a Wi-Fi latency lower than the lowest latency on mobile, 27.51 ms at China’s Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport. As noted above, latency is an important factor in performance, so it might be worth investigating the airport Wi-Fi by running a Speedtest if your mobile performance seems to lag.

Airport Wi-Fi or mobile? Connecting on your next trip

We created a quick guide to help you decide whether to try out the Wi-Fi or simply use the local mobile network if you have access. Use it to compare free airport Wi-Fi performance against mobile performance for the 52 airports we have both Wi-Fi and mobile data for during Q1 2024. Twenty-six airports had faster mobile internet than airport Wi-Fi. Eight airports had faster Wi-Fi than mobile, and seven airports showed only a slight distinction between Wi-Fi and mobile or download speeds over 100 Mbps on both, so we gave both the green check marks. We were able to include more airports in the mobile analysis because there were more mobile samples to analyze at those airports than there were samples over Wi-Fi.

Chart of Comparing Airport Wi-Fi and Mobile Speeds at World Airports

The averages reported here are based on real-world data, so your experience may differ, especially on a busy travel day. Take a Speedtest® at the airport to see how your performance compares. Cheers to safe travels and rapid connections wherever you’re flying.

Ookla retains ownership of this article including all of the intellectual property rights, data, content graphs and analysis. This article may not be quoted, reproduced, distributed or published for any commercial purpose without prior consent. Members of the press and others using the findings in this article for non-commercial purposes are welcome to publicly share and link to report information with attribution to Ookla.

| January 16, 2024

52 New Ookla Market Reports Available for Q4 2023

Ookla® Market Reports™ identify key data about internet performance in countries across the world. This quarter we’ve provided updated analyses for 52 markets using Speedtest Intelligence® and summarized the top takeaways below. Click through to the market report to see more details and charts about the countries you’re interested in, including the fastest fixed broadband providers and mobile operators, who had the most consistent service, as well as 5G and device performance in select countries during Q4 2023. Jump forward to a continent using these links:

Africa | Americas | Asia | Europe | Oceania

Africa

  • Côte d’Ivoire: Orange recorded the fastest median mobile and fixed download speeds during Q4 2023, at 30.13 Mbps and 65.90 Mbps, respectively. Moov Africa recorded the lowest mobile median multi-server latency at 83 ms, while CANALBOX recorded the lowest latency over fixed broadband at 70 ms. Of Côte d’Ivoire most populous cities, Abidjan had the fastest median fixed download speed of 58.88 Mbps.
  • Mozambique: Tmcel recorded the fastest mobile median download speed of 27.80 Mbps in Q4 2023, and also the highest mobile Consistency at 91.6%. Of Mozambique’s most populous cities, Maputo had the fastest median mobile and fixed download speeds at 26.33 Mbps and 14.65 Mbps, respectively. SpaceX’s Starlink recorded the fastest fixed broadband median download speed in Q4 2023 at 36.13 Mbps, along with the highest Consistency at 49.7%. Meanwhile, TVCABO recorded the lowest latency over fixed broadband at 16 ms.
  • Senegal: There was no winner of fastest median mobile performance in Senegal during Q4 2023, with Free and Orange both tied. Orange led the market for median fixed broadband download performance, with 21.46 Mbps in Q4 2023. Orange also had the lowest latency at 90 ms and highest Consistency of 45.4%. Of Senegal’s most populous cities, Dakar had the fastest median fixed download speed of 27.11 Mbps.

Americas

  • Argentina: Personal had the fastest median download speed over mobile at 36.59 Mbps, while also registering the lowest latency of 39 ms during Q4 2023. In the fixed broadband market, there was no statistically fastest network, with Movistar and Telecentro delivering median download speeds of 106.41 Mbps and 105.98 Mbps, respectively. Movistar recorded the lowest latency of 9 ms. Among Argentina’s most populous cities, Mendoza recorded the fastest mobile median download speed of 37.75 Mbps, while Buenos Aires recorded the fastest fixed download speed of 109.79 Mbps.
  • Belize: Digi had the fastest median mobile download and upload speeds of 17.50 Mbps and 9.28 Mbps, respectively during Q4 2023. Digi also recorded the highest Consistency of 80.3%, while smart! recorded the lowest median latency of 56 ms. There was no statistically fastest fixed network in the market based on download speed, however NEXGEN recorded the fastest median upload speed at 47.47 Mbps.
  • Canada: Bell was the fastest mobile operator in Canada with a median download speed of 121.33 Mbps in Q4 2023. Bell also had the fastest median 5G download speed at 194.23 Mbps. Rogers had the fastest median mobile upload speed of 15.10 Mbps, and the highest Consistency of 88.2%. Bell pure fibre was fastest for fixed broadband, recording a median download speed of 307.77 Mbps and a median upload speed of 264.97 Mbps. Bell pure fibre also recorded the highest Video Score, of 87.90. Of Canada’s most populous cities, St. John’s recorded the fastest median mobile download speed at 171.76 Mbps, while Fredericton recorded the fastest median fixed broadband download speed of 247.89 Mbps.
  • Colombia: Movistar was fastest for fixed broadband with a median download speed of 210.46 Mbps in Q4 2023. ETB had the lowest latency over fixed broadband at 7 ms. Of Colombia’s most populous cities, Cartagena recorded the fastest median fixed download speed of 146.74 Mbps.
  • Costa Rica: Claro had the fastest median download speed among mobile operators at 40.56 Mbps during Q4 2023. Liberty recorded the fastest median upload speed at 10.73 Mbps, the lowest mobile latency at 33 ms, and the highest Consistency at 78.6%. Metrocom was fastest for fixed broadband download and upload performance, at 225.94 Mbps and 179.66 Mbps, respectively. Metrocom also recorded the lowest latency, at 6 ms.
  • Dominican Republic: Claro had the fastest median download and upload speeds among mobile operators at 34.27 Mbps and 9.84 Mbps, respectively. Claro also recorded the highest Consistency, at 77.0%. Viva had the lowest mobile latency at 43 ms. SpaceX’s Starlink was fastest for fixed broadband download performance at 48.08 Mbps, while Claro recorded the fastest median upload speed at 25.38 Mbps, and the lowest latency at 41 ms. Altice recorded the highest fixed broadband Consistency, at 66.6%.
  • Ecuador: CNT recorded the fastest median mobile download speed during Q4 2023, at 26.22 Mbps, while Movistar recorded the lowest mobile multi-server latency at 41 ms. Netlife was fastest for fixed broadband, with a median download speed of 91.56 Mbps. Netlife also recorded the lowest latency over fixed broadband at 8 ms. Xtrim recorded the highest fixed broadband Consistency at 84.8%. Of Ecuador’s most populous cities, Santo Domingo recorded the fastest median mobile download speed of 31.58 Mbps, while Guayaquil recorded the fastest median fixed download speed of 88.59 Mbps.
  • El Salvador: Claro had the fastest median download speed among mobile operators in El Salvador, at 40.97 Mbps, along with the highest Consistency of 90.4%. Movistar registered the fastest median mobile upload speed of 13.35 Mbps and lowest latency at 73 ms. Cable Color recorded the fastest median fixed download speed at 55.57 Mbps, the top median upload speed at 57.04 Mbps, and the lowest median latency of 51 ms. Of El Salvador’s most populous cities, Santa Tecla showed the fastest median mobile and fixed download speeds during Q4 2023 at 39.27 Mbps and 54.98 Mbps respectively.
  • Guatemala: Claro was the fastest mobile operator in Guatemala during Q4 2023 with a median download speed of 41.63 Mbps and a median upload speed of 19.61 Mbps. Claro also had the highest Consistency at 87.9%, while also leading the market for 5G performance, with a median 5G download speed of 388.34 Mbps. Tigo recorded the lowest median mobile latency at 79 ms. SpaceX’s Starlink was fastest for median fixed download performance at 54.32 Mbps, while Cable Color was fastest for fixed upload performance at 33.45 Mbps. Cable Color also had the lowest median latency on fixed broadband at 27 ms. Claro recorded the highest fixed broadband Consistency at 73.1%. Of Guatemala’s most populous cities, Escuintla showed the fastest median mobile download speed during Q4 2023 at 44.16 Mbps, while Villa Nueva recorded the fastest median fixed download speed, at 60.83 Mbps.
  • Guyana: There was no winner of fastest median mobile performance in Guyana during Q4 2023, with ENet and Digicel posting median download speeds of 24.64 Mbps and 23.53 Mbps, respectively. ENet recorded the fastest median mobile upload speed at 18.49 Mbps and offered the lowest median latency at 143 ms. In the fixed broadband market, ENet recorded the fastest median download and upload speeds, of 70.20 Mbps and 52.25 Mbps, respectively, while also recording the lowest median latency of 130 ms. GTT recorded the highest fixed broadband Consistency during Q4 2023, at 69.2%.
  • Haiti: Digicel was the fastest mobile operator in Haiti with a median mobile download speed of 14.26 Mbps, a median upload speed of 10.52 Mbps, and Consistency of 67.2%. Natcom recorded the lowest mobile latency, of 62 ms. SpaceX Starlink had the fastest median fixed download speed at 41.73 Mbps. Natcom had the fastest median fixed upload speed at 31.89 Mbps, the lowest median fixed latency at 47 ms, and the highest fixed broadband Consistency of 64.0%.
  • Honduras: Claro recorded the fastest median mobile download and upload speeds during Q4 2023, of 53.06 Mbps and 16.22 Mbps, respectively, while also recording the highest Consistency at 87.2%. Tigo recorded the lowest median mobile latency at 93 ms. Claro had the fastest median fixed download speed at 47.26 Mbps during Q4 2023, and the highest fixed broadband Consistency at 80.2%. TEVISAT recorded the fastest median upload speed, of 22.36 Mbps, and the lowest median fixed latency at 20 ms. Of Honduras’ most populous cities, El Progreso recorded the fastest median mobile download speed during Q4 2023, of 41.69 Mbps, while Tegucigalpa showed the fastest median fixed download speed at 41.97 Mbps.
  • Jamaica: There was no winner of fastest median mobile download performance in Jamaica during Q4 2023, with Flow and Digicel tied. Digicel recorded the fastest median upload speed of 8.37 Mbps and highest Consistency of 81.9%. Flow had the lowest mobile median latency at 38 ms. SpaceX Starlink had the fastest median download speed over fixed broadband at 84.10 Mbps, and the highest fixed broadband Consistency at 77.8%. Digicel+ recorded the fastest median upload speed of 46.14 Mbps, while Flow recorded the lowest median fixed latency at 25 ms.
  • Mexico: Telcel had the fastest median download and upload speeds over mobile at 52.06 Mbps and 13.50 Mbps, respectively, and the operator also delivered the fastest median 5G download speed at 233.82 Mbps. Telcel also had the lowest mobile median latency at 62 ms and highest Consistency at 87.2%. Totalplay was fastest for fixed broadband with a median download speed of 88.87 Mbps and a median upload speed of 30.50 Mbps. Totalplay also had the lowest median fixed broadband latency at 28 ms and the highest Consistency at 84.0%. Among Mexico’s most populous cities, Monterrey recorded the fastest median mobile download speed of 38.36 Mbps, while Guadalajara recorded the fastest median fixed broadband speed of 80.32 Mbps.
  • Panama: MasMovil was the fastest mobile operator with median download and upload speeds of 27.24 Mbps and 15.18 Mbps, respectively, as well as the highest Consistency of 79.3%. Digicel recorded the lowest median mobile latency, at 34 ms. There was no winner of the fastest median fixed download performance, with both Tigo and MasMovil tied. MasMovil recorded the fastest median upload speed of 33.38 Mbps and the lowest median latency at 16ms. Among Panama’s most populous cities, David recorded the fastest median mobile download speed of 21.57 Mbps, while La Chorrera recorded the fastest median fixed broadband speed of 156.71 Mbps.
  • Peru: Claro was the fastest mobile operator in Peru with a median download speed of 23.30 Mbps during Q4 2023, and also had the highest mobile Consistency in the market with 80.6%.
  • Trinidad and Tobago: Digicel had the fastest median download speed over mobile at 33.29 Mbps and the highest Video Score in the market at 74.86. bmobile recorded the fastest median mobile upload speed of 12.17 Mbps, and the lowest median latency at 32 ms. Digicel+ had the fastest median fixed broadband download and upload speeds at 118.53 Mbps and 107.24 Mbps, respectively. Digicel+ also had the lowest median latency at 7 ms.
  • United States: T-Mobile was the fastest mobile operator with median download and upload speeds of 188.96 Mbps and 12.19 Mbps, respectively. T-Mobile also recorded the highest mobile Consistency at 87.3%, and the lowest median mobile latency of 50 ms. T-Mobile also led the market with the fastest median 5G download speed at 238.87 Mbps, as well as the lowest 5G latency of 48 ms. T-Mobile secured the highest Video Score across all technologies with 78.21, and for 5G, with a Video Score of 81.54. Cox led the market as the fastest fixed broadband provider with a median download speed of 261.27 Mbps, while AT&T Internet recorded the fastest median fixed upload speed of 195.64 Mbps, and Verizon had the lowest median latency over fixed broadband at 15 ms.
  • Uruguay: Antel was the fastest mobile operator in Uruguay during Q4 2023 with a median download speed of 117.79 Mbps, and recorded the lowest median latency of 44 ms.
  • Venezuela: Digitel was the fastest mobile operator with a median download speed of 14.37 Mbps and a median upload speed of 6.97 Mbps during Q4 2023. Digitel also recorded the highest Consistency in the market, with 68.0%, and the lowest median latency of 97 ms. Airtek Solutions had the fastest median fixed download and upload speeds of 94.76 Mbps and 94.89 Mbps, respectively. Airtek Solutions also recorded the highest fixed broadband Consistency of 86.0%, and the lowest median latency at 7 ms. Among Venezuela’s most populous cities, Maracaibo recorded the fastest median mobile and fixed download speeds of 17.17 Mbps and 82.35 Mbps, respectively.

Asia

  • Afghanistan: The fastest mobile operator in Afghanistan was Afghan Wireless with a median download speed of 6.68 Mbps in Q4 2023. The operator also had the lowest median latency at 77 ms and the highest Consistency of 51.0%.
  • Bangladesh: Banglalink was the fastest mobile operator in Bangladesh with a median download speed of 26.74 Mbps in Q4 2023. Banglalink also recorded the highest Consistency of 89.0% and the lowest median latency of 33 ms. DOT Internet was the fastest fixed broadband provider with a median download speed of 91.35 Mbps, while also recording the highest Consistency at 87.5% and the lowest median latency at 5 ms.
  • Bhutan: There was no statistical winner for fastest mobile download performance during Q4 2023 in Bhutan, with TashiCell and BT both tied with speeds of 31.52 Mbps and 28.15 Mbps, respectively. TashiCell recorded the lowest median mobile latency of 52 ms.
  • Brunei: There was no statistical winner for fastest mobile download performance during Q4 2023 in Brunei, with DST and Imagine both tied with speeds of 97.34 Mbps and 91.53 Mbps, respectively.
  • Cambodia: Cellcard recorded the fastest median mobile download speed at 33.74 Mbps during Q4 2023, while Metfone recorded the highest Consistency at 80.8% and the lowest median latency at 38 ms. MekongNet was the fastest fixed broadband provider, with a median fixed download speed of 48.29 Mbps. MekongNet also recorded the highest Consistency at 71.1%. OpenNet recorded the lowest median latency over fixed broadband, at 7ms.
  • China: China Broadnet was the fastest mobile operator in China during Q4 2023, with a median download speed of 248.77 Mbps, and median 5G download speed of 305.61 Mbps. China Mobile recorded the lowest median mobile latency, at 42 ms. There was no statistical winner for fastest fixed download performance, with China Unicom and China Mobile both tied with speeds of 246.93 Mbps and 245.59 Mbps, respectively. China Mobile recorded the highest fixed broadband Consistency, of 93.4%, while China Telecom recorded the lowest median fixed broadband latency at 22 ms. Among China’s most populous cities, Beijing recorded the fastest median mobile download speed of 232.41 Mbps, while Tianjin recorded the fastest median fixed download speed of 326.07 Mbps.
  • Georgia: Geocell recorded the fastest mobile download performance during Q4 2023 in Georgia, at 50.52 Mbps, and the lowest mobile latency at 37 ms. MagtiCom had the fastest median fixed download speed at 27.81 Mbps and the highest Consistency of 66.5%. Among Georgia’s most populous cities, Tbilisi recorded the fastest median mobile download speed of 36.17 Mbps, while Rustavi recorded the fastest median fixed download speed of 27.38 Mbps.
  • Hong Kong (SAR): China Mobile Hong Kong was the fastest mobile operator in Hong Kong (SAR) during Q4 2023, with a median download speed across all technologies of 98.94 Mbps, and a median download speed over 5G of 177.96 Mbps. csl recorded the fastest median mobile upload speed, at 16.89 Mbps.
  • Indonesia: Telkomsel was the fastest Indonesian mobile operator with a median download speed of 31.14 Mbps. Telkomsel also had the lowest median mobile latency at 45 ms.
  • Japan: Rakuten Mobile recorded the fastest mobile download and upload speeds during Q4 2023 in Japan, at 51.16 Mbps and 20.21 Mbps, respectively. Rakuten Mobile also recorded the highest Consistency in the market at 90.6%, while SoftBank recorded the lowest median latency at 43 ms. So-net had the fastest fixed download and upload speeds, at 296.29 Mbps and 219.53 Mbps, respectively, as well as the lowest median latency over fixed broadband at 9 ms. SpaceX Starlink recorded the highest fixed broadband Consistency in the market at 96.4%.
  • Kazakhstan: Tele2 recorded the highest mobile Consistency in Kazakhstan during Q4 2023 with 85.3% and the lowest median mobile latency at 39 ms.
  • Malaysia: TM was the fastest fixed broadband provider in Malaysia with a median download speed of 112.00 Mbps in Q4 2023. TIME recorded the lowest fixed broadband latency at 9 ms.
  • Pakistan: Jazz delivered the fastest median mobile download speed in Pakistan at 21.38 Mbps in Q4 2023. Zong recorded the highest mobile Consistency, at 83.2%, and the lowest median mobile latency of 45 ms. Transworld recorded the fastest median fixed broadband download speed at 22.08 Mbps and the highest Consistency at 46.1%, while Connect Communications recorded the lowest median fixed broadband latency at 12 ms.
  • Philippines: Smart delivered the fastest median mobile download speed in the Philippines at 37.64 Mbps in Q4 2023.
  • South Korea: SK Telecom recorded the fastest median mobile download speed at 192.67 Mbps, while also recording the highest Consistency in the market at 89.1%. LG U+ had the lowest median mobile latency in the market at 76 ms. In South Korea’s fixed broadband market, LG U+ delivered the fastest median download speed at 146.20 Mbps, and the lowest median latency of 57 ms.
  • Sri Lanka: There was no statistical winner for fastest mobile download performance during Q4 2023 in Sri Lanka, with Dialog and SLT-Mobitel both tied with speeds of 23.98 Mbps and 23.89 Mbps, respectively. Dialog delivered the lowest median mobile latency of 36 ms. SLT-Mobitel recorded the fastest fixed download speed of 37.46 Mbps, as well as the highest fixed broadband Consistency of 57.9% and the lowest fixed broadband latency at 13 ms.
  • Vietnam: Viettel was the fastest fixed provider in Vietnam during Q4 2023, with a median download speed of 107.40 Mbps. Viettel also recorded the highest fixed broadband Consistency at 94.8% and the lowest median fixed broadband latency of 4 ms.

Europe

  • Albania: Vodafone recorded the fastest median mobile download speed in Albania during Q4 2023, of 53.36 Mbps. One Albania recorded the highest mobile Consistency of 86.1%. Digicom was the fastest fixed broadband provider with a median download speed of 94.74 Mbps. Abissnet recorded the lowest fixed broadband latency, at 7 ms. Among Albania’s most populous cities, Vlorë recorded the fastest median mobile download speed of 75.34 Mbps, while Shkodër recorded the fastest median fixed download speed of 69.91 Mbps.
  • Belgium: Proximus recorded the fastest median mobile download speed in Belgium during Q4 2023, at 89.67 Mbps. Proximus also recorded the highest mobile Consistency in the market at 89.8%. There was no statistical winner for fastest fixed download performance, with Telenet and VOO both tied with speeds of 158.08 Mbps and 156.00 Mbps, respectively. VOO recorded the highest Consistency at 89.8%. Among Belgium’s most populous cities, Ghent recorded the fastest median mobile and fixed download speeds, of 168.89 Mbps and 90.14 Mbps, respectively.
  • Denmark: Telia was the fastest mobile operator in Denmark during Q4 2023, with a median download speed of 163.41 Mbps. Hiper was fastest for fixed broadband, with a median download speed of 277.56 Mbps.
  • Estonia: The fastest mobile operator in Estonia was Telia with a median download speed of 92.39 Mbps in Q4 2023. Elisa recorded the highest mobile Consistency of 91.9%. Elisa was the fastest fixed broadband provider, with a median download speed of 100.13 Mbps. Elisa also recorded the highest fixed broadband Consistency, of 86.3%. Infonet recorded the lowest median fixed broadband latency of 5 ms.
  • Finland: DNA had the fastest median mobile download speed at 113.57 Mbps in Q4 2023, and the highest Consistency of 95.4%. DNA also recorded the fastest median 5G download performance, at 247.54 Mbps. Telia recorded the lowest median mobile latency of 31 ms. Lounea was fastest for fixed broadband with a median download speed of 171.31 Mbps. Lounea also recorded the highest fixed broadband Consistency in the market at 91.5%, as well as the lowest median fixed broadband latency at 13 ms.
  • Germany: Telekom was the fastest mobile operator in Germany during Q4 2023, with a median download speed of 90.26 Mbps, as well as the top median download speed over 5G at 179.25 Mbps. Telekom also recorded the highest mobile Consistency in the market at 92.1% and the lowest median mobile latency of 38 ms. Deutsche Glasfaser recorded the fastest fixed broadband performance, with a median download speed at 201.43 Mbps. Deutsche Glasfaser also recorded the highest fixed broadband Consistency in the market at 90.5% and the lowest latency of 14 ms.
  • Latvia: There was no statistical winner for fastest mobile download performance in Latvia during Q4 2023, with BITĖ and LMT both tied with speeds of 81.56 Mbps and 81.11 Mbps, respectively. BITĖ recorded the highest mobile Consistency in the market of 91.3%, while LMT recorded the lowest mobile latency at 27 ms. Balticom was fastest for fixed broadband with a median download speed of 275.19 Mbps, while also leading with the highest fixed broadband Consistency of 93.7%, and the lowest median latency at 4 ms. Among Latvia’s most populous cities, Olaine recorded the fastest median mobile download speed, of 170.18 Mbps, while Salaspils recorded the fastest median fixed broadband download speed of 94.64 Mbps.
  • Lithuania: Telia was the fastest mobile operator in Lithuania during Q4 2023, with a median download speed of 116.58 Mbps in Q4 2023. Telia also recorded the highest Consistency in the market at 94.7%, and the lowest median mobile latency at 32 ms. Cgates was fastest for fixed broadband with a median download speed of 177.14 Mbps. Cgates also recorded the highest Consistency over fixed broadband in the market at 90.9%, while Penki recorded the lowest fixed broadband latency, at 4ms. Among Lithuania’s most populous cities, Panevėžys recorded the fastest median mobile download speed, of 106.34 Mbps, while Klaipėda recorded the fastest median fixed broadband download speed of 138.34 Mbps.
  • Poland: T-Mobile was the fastest mobile operator in Poland during Q4 2023, with a median download speed of 49.10 Mbps. T-Mobile also recorded the highest Consistency in the market at 88.4%. Plus recorded the fastest 5G performance in the market, with a median 5G download speed of 133.34 Mbps. Plus also recorded the lowest median mobile latency, at 43 ms. UPC was the fastest provider for fixed broadband with a median download speed of 232.36 Mbps, while Netia recorded the lowest fixed broadband latency, at 16 ms. Among Poland’s most populous cities, Łódź recorded the fastest median mobile download speed of  46.53 Mbps, while Wrocław recorded the fastest median fixed download speed of 172.86 Mbps.
  • Turkey: Turkcell was the fastest mobile operator in Turkey with a median download speed of 56.73 Mbps in Q4 2023, and Turkcell also recorded the highest Consistency of 91.3%. Türk Telekom had the lowest median mobile latency at 39 ms. TurkNet was fastest for fixed broadband, with a median download speed of 66.57 Mbps. TurkNet also recorded the lowest median fixed latency at 13 ms, and the highest Consistency at 81.5%. Among Turkey’s most populous cities, Istanbul recorded the fastest median download speeds across mobile and fixed, at 38.50 Mbps and 47.81 Mbps, respectively.

Oceania

  • New Zealand: There was no statistical winner for fastest mobile download performance during Q4 2023 in New Zealand, with One NZ and Spark both tied with speeds of 73.52 Mbps and 70.23 Mbps, respectively. 2degrees led the market with the highest Consistency of 91.0% and the lowest median mobile multi-server latency at 40 ms.

The Speedtest Global Index is your resource to understand how internet connectivity compares around the world and how it’s changing. Check back next month for updated data on country and city rankings, and look for updated Ookla Market Reports with 1H 2024 data in July.

Ookla retains ownership of this article including all of the intellectual property rights, data, content graphs and analysis. This article may not be quoted, reproduced, distributed or published for any commercial purpose without prior consent. Members of the press and others using the findings in this article for non-commercial purposes are welcome to publicly share and link to report information with attribution to Ookla.

| March 30, 2020

Inside Japan’s Unique Approach to 5G

日本語で読む

Japan has been a leader in mobile technology since its inception, and Japanese companies continue to occupy the cutting edge of mobile telephony. LTE networks in Japan have been able to deliver very competitive speeds in the densest urban areas, which speaks volumes about the cell density of the country’s networks. This article explores how Japanese mobile operators are applying this leading mindset to 5G.

How Japan utilizes spectrum

Japanese operators utilize a “layer cake” spectrum approach, which aggregates multiple frequency bands into data lanes that provide faster speeds. This approach utilizes low 700, 800 and 900 MHz bands, coupled with mid-band 1500 and 2100 MHz and topped off with the high-band 2500 MHz band. With this approach, users with modern devices are able to simultaneously access disparate spectrum bands, which enables better speeds and thus an improved user experience. Combined with Japan’s dense grid of existing cell sites, the spectrum layer cake should provide a good base for the overlay of sub-6 GHz spectrum that Japan has allocated for 5G services.

Timelines for launching 5G in Japan

For the past few years, Japan has been building toward the 2020 Summer Olympic Games in Tokyo as an opportunity to showcase their next-generation wireless technology. Japan began conducting 5G trials as early as 2017. In 2018, Japan’s Ministry of Internal Affairs (MIC) revised the spectrum allocation process to encourage new operators to enter the 5G market. Then in April 2019 the MIC approved 5G spectrum allocations to four applicants: KDDI (au), NTT DOCOMO, Rakuten Mobile and SoftBank.

KDDI, NTT DOCOMO and SoftBank launched 5G this month, with NTT DOCOMO and KDDI first to market on March 25. NTT DOCOMO’s initial 5G launch will leverage sub-6GHz spectrum assets, offering peak download speeds of up to 3.4 Gbps, and peak upload speeds of up to 182 Mbps. Later in June, the operator will start selling 5G devices capable of operating on the mmWave band and accessing 400 MHz of high-band spectrum. This will allow for peak download speeds of 4.1 Gbps and upload speeds of 480 Mbps. SoftBank will launch second on March 27. Rakuten plans to launch 5G by June 2020.

How Japanese operators will use spectrum for 5G

Japanese operators are deploying 5G networks in both FR1 (sub-6GHz) and FR2 (millimeter-wave) frequency bands. Each licensee has been awarded 400 MHz of FR2 spectrum and KDDI, NTT DOCOMO and SoftBank have been awarded 200 MHz of FR1 spectrum. The exception is Rakuten, which requested 100 MHz of FR1 spectrum.
Ookla_5G-Spectrum-Chart_Japan_0320_en

Early trials and infrastructure

KDDI (au) 5G trials started in 2017 with Ericsson, Nokia and Samsung. KDDI awarded all three vendors with 5G contracts. KDDI also inked a seven-year roaming deal with Rakuten, the newest entrant in the wireless space, to provide LTE coverage to Rakuten’s subscribers when they roam outside of their coverage area.

NTT DOCOMO started early 5G trials using several infrastructure partners, including: Nokia and NEC Corp on 4.5 GHz spectrum band, Ericsson and Qualcomm on 4.5 GHz and the mmWave wave, and Huawei for mmWave. Fujitsu has proposed a software upgrade for existing LTE base stations which will enable 5G radio access. NEC Corp offered a small cells product supporting all three frequency bands (3.7 GHz, 4.5 GHz, 28 GHz) leveraging O-RAN (Open Radio Access Network Alliance), which aims to break the single-vendor-per-market lock and paves the way for a smooth transition to 5G software-defined networking and cloud services. NTT DOCOMO awarded NEC Corp, Fujitsu and Nokia with contracts, claiming the world’s first 4G/5G multi-vendor RAN (radio access network) interoperability.

SoftBank initially partnered with Chinese vendors Huawei and ZTE in 2017 to conduct mmWave trials in the 28 GHz frequency band. SoftBank awarded the contracts to Nokia and Ericsson.

A completely new approach from Rakuten, the “optimistic” entrant

Rakuten is a premier Japanese ecommerce company founded in 1997. Rakuten means “optimism” in Japanese, and now the company offers products and services across a multitude of industries, including: banking, mobile payment, mobile messaging (via the Viber app), travel and their own MVNO, to name a few. The company understands the importance of controlling the entire user experience for their customers — and the value of running their own facilities-based mobile network in addition to OTT (over-the-top) services.

Since Rakuten is deploying a mobile network from the ground up using greenfield licensed spectrum assets, the company has decided to do something that nobody has ever done before: disaggregating the hardware from the software and running a fully virtualized, cloud-native network. This LTE network has been fully operational with over 3,000 cell sites in three markets (Tokyo, Nagoya and Osaka) running limited trials since last year — and is expected to launch commercially on April 8. Because of its software-defined nature, the network can be upgraded to 5G, and the operator expects to have the upgrade pushed later this year.

Rakuten’s network architecture is unique, leveraging only antenna-integrated radios from traditional telecom vendors. Radios are fiber-fed via the fronthaul, and instead of processing at cell site cabinets, all the processing is happening remotely at centralized locations using off-the-shelf computer hardware running virtualized network functions. According to Rakuten CTO Tareq Amin, the process of activating a new cell site takes only eight and a half minutes instead of days. After Rakuten’s April launch, years worth of Rakuten’s research and development will be available to other operators globally via the Rakuten Mobile Platform (RMP), which could be very attractive to new entrants in the wireless space, such as DISH in the United States.

We will continue to monitor how these different 5G setups perform as 5G is rolled out in Japan and we look forward to providing future analysis on this topic.


日本国内における5Gへのユニークなアプローチ

日本は当初からモバイルテクノロジーのリーダーであり、日本企業は最先端のモバイルテレフォニーを占有し続けています。日本のLTEネットワークは、最も人口密度の高い都市地域でも非常に競争力のある速度を継続的に提供しています。これは、この国のネットワークの基地局密度の高さを物語っています。この記事では、日本の携帯電話事業者がこのような先進の考え方を5Gにどのように適用しているかを探ります。

日本のスペクトル活用法

日本の事業者は、複数の周波数帯域をデータレーンに集約して速度を高める「レイヤーケーキ」スペクトルアプローチを活用しています。このアプローチでは、700 MHz、800 MHz、900 MHzの低帯域と1500 MHz、2100 MHzの中帯域を組み合わせて、その上に2500 MHzの高帯域を乗せますこのアプローチにより、最新の電話機を所有するユーザーはさまざまなスペクトル帯域に同時にアクセスできます。これにより、高速化とそれに伴うユーザーエクスペリエンスの向上が実現します。このスペクトルレイヤーケーキと日本の既存の高密度基地局網との組み合わせは、日本が5Gサービスに割り当てた6 GHz以下のスペクトルのオーバーレイの良い基盤となります。

日本における5Gのローンチのタイムライン

日本は、2020年に東京で開催される夏季五輪を、次世代ワイヤレステクノロジーをアピールする機会ととらえ、ここ数年それに向けて準備を進めてきました。日本は、早くも2017年に5G実証実験を開始しました。2018年、日本の総務省は、新規事業者の5G市場への参入を促すため、スペクトル割り当て手続きを改訂しました。その後、2019年4月、MICは4つの申請企業への5Gスペクトル割り当てを承認しました。承認を受けたのは、KDDI(au)、NTTドコモ、楽天モバイル、ソフトバンクです。

KDDI、NTTドコモ、ソフトバンクは今月、5Gをローンチする予定です NTTドコモKDDIが最初で、3月25日に発売された。NTTドコモの最初の5Gローンチでは、6GHz以下のスペクトルアセットを活用し、最大3.4 Gbpsのピークダウンロード速度と最大182 Mbpsのピークアップロード速度を提供します。7月後半、NTTドコモは、mmWave帯域で動作し、400 MHzの高帯域スペクトルにアクセスすることができる5Gデバイスの販売を開始する予定です。これにより、4.1 Gbpsのピークダウンロード速度と480 Mbpsのピークアップロード速度が可能になります。 ソフトバンクが2番目で、3月27日にローンチする予定です。楽天は2020年6月までに5Gを発売する予定です。

日本の事業者による5G用スペクトラムの使用方法

日本の事業者は、FR1(6GHz以下)とFR2(ミリメートル波)の両方の周波数帯域で5Gネットワークを展開しています。各ライセンシーは400 MHzのFR2スペクトルを割り当てられ、KDDI、NTTドコモ、ソフトバンクは200 MHzのFR1スペクトルを割り当てられました。例外は楽天です。楽天は100 MHzのFR1スペクトルを申請しました。
Ookla_5G-Spectrum-Chart_Japan_0320_jp

早期実証実験とインフラストラクチャ

KDDI(au)は、2017年にEricsson、Nokia、Samsungと共同で5G実証実験を開始しました。KDDIは、3つのベンダーすべてと5G契約を結びました。KDDIはまた、ワイヤレス市場の最も新しい参入企業である楽天と7年間のローミング契約を結び、楽天の加入者が楽天のサービス区域外でKDDIのLTEサービスを利用できるようにしました。

NTTドコモは、複数のインフラストラクチャパートナーと共同で早期5G実証実験を開始しました(4.5 GHzスペクトル帯域でNokiaとNEC、4.5 GHzとmmWave波でEricssonとQualcomm、mmWaveでHuawei)。富士通は、既存のLTE基地局を対象に、5G無線アクセスを可能にするソフトウェアアップグレードを実施することを提案しました。NECは、O-RAN(Open Radio Access Network Alliance)を活用して3つの周波数帯域(3.7 GHz、4.5 GHz、28 GHz)をすべてサポートする小型基地局製品を提案しました。このソリューションは、「市場ごとに1つのベンダー」体制を打破することを目的とし、5Gソフトウェアデファインドネットワーキングおよびクラウドサービスに円滑に移行するための道筋をつけるものです。NTTドコモは、NEC、富士通、Nokiaと契約を結び、世界初の4G/5GマルチベンダーRAN(無線アクセスネットワーク)相互運用をアピールしています。

ソフトバンクは当初、2017年に中国のベンダーであるHuaweiおよびZTEと提携し、28 GHz周波数帯域でmmWaveの実証実験を実施しました。ソフトバンクは、NokiaおよびEricssonと契約を結びました。

「楽観的」な新規参入企業である楽天のまったく新しいアプローチ

楽天は1997年に設立された日本の最大手eコマース企業です。楽天は日本語で「楽観主義」を意味しており、同社は現在、銀行、モバイル決済、モバイルメッセージング(Viberを使用)、旅行、楽天独自のMVNOなど、多数の業界に製品とサービスを提供しています。同社は、顧客のユーザーエクスペリエンス全体をコントロールすることの重要性と、OTT(オーバーザトップ)サービスに加えて独自の設備ベースのモバイルネットワークを稼働させることの価値を理解しています。

楽天は、認可を受けた未開発のスペクトルアセットを活用してモバイルネットワークをゼロから展開しているため、これまで誰もやったことがないことに取り組むことを決めました。それはハードウェアをソフトウェアから切り離し、完全に仮想化されたクラウドネイティブのネットワークを稼働させるというものです。このLTEネットワークは、3つの市場(東京、名古屋、大阪)で3,000以上の基地局によって完全に機能しており、昨年以降、限定的な実証実験が実施されています。商業ローンチは4月8日の予定です。このネットワークは、ソフトウェアデファインドの特性を持っているため、5Gにアップグレード可能で、楽天は今年の後半にアップグレードを行う予定です。

楽天のネットワークアーキテクチャは独特で、従来の電気通信ベンダーのアンテナ統合型無線のみを使用しています。無線は、フロントホールからファイバで送信され、基地局のキャビネットで処理される代わりに、リモートの集中拠点で仮想ネットワーク機能を実行する市販コンピューターハードウェアによってまとめて処理されます。楽天のCTOであるTareq Amin氏によると、新しい基地局は数日ではなくわずか8分半で稼働させることができます。楽天の4月のローンチ後、他の事業者は楽天モバイルプラットフォーム(RMP)を介して楽天の3年分の研究開発の成果を利用できるようになります。これはワイヤレス市場への新規参入を目指す企業(米国のDISHなど)にとって非常に魅力的でしょう。

私たちは、今後日本で5Gが展開されるにつれてこれらの異なる5Gセットアップがどのように機能するかを引き続きモニタリングしていきます。このトピックについての将来の分析を皆様にご提供できる機会を楽しみにしています。

Ookla retains ownership of this article including all of the intellectual property rights, data, content graphs and analysis. This article may not be quoted, reproduced, distributed or published for any commercial purpose without prior consent. Members of the press and others using the findings in this article for non-commercial purposes are welcome to publicly share and link to report information with attribution to Ookla.

| November 16, 2020

Rakuten is Leveraging O-RAN to Reimagine Mobile and it Could Change the Way We Use Our Phones Forever

日本語

Japanese companies have often been at the forefront of applying innovative new technology to improve the everyday lives of their customers. For example, the world’s very first 1G phone service was pioneered and launched in Japan in 1979. So it’s no surprise that the most cutting-edge approach to mobile is already underway in Japan as Rakuten embraces the Open Radio Access Network (O-RAN) standard to build a cloud-native mobile network, Rakuten Mobile. This fully virtual mobile network allows Rakuten to reduce the costs associated with building and upgrading a network and also offers Rakuten Mobile’s customers a complete beginning-to-end user experience for their online activities.

Rakuten disrupts a well-established market

EN-Rakuten-Diagram

Prior to Rakuten Mobile’s entry, the Japanese mobile market was dominated by three major operators: NTT Docomo, au by KDDI and Softbank Mobile. All three have been in operation for over a decade and have deployed 5G throughout Japan.

NTT DoCoMo was spun off from Nippon Telegraph and Telephone (NTT) with 2G service in 1991. Over the next decade, the company transitioned to 3G. It currently offers LTE service on a combination of 700 MHz, 800 MHz, 1.5 GHz, 1.8 GHz, 2.1 GHz and 3.5 GHz bands. Recently the company has launched 5G service on 3.6GHz, 4.5GHz and mmWave.

KDDI was created in 2000 as a result of a merger of three companies: KDD, DDI and IDO. The company used CDMA technology for its 2G and 3G services, and currently offers LTE services using 700 MHz, 800 MHz, 1.4 GHz, 2.1 GHz and 3.5 GHz. Recently launched 5G service is rolled out on 3.8 GHz, 4.1 GHz and mmWave.

Softbank Mobile, the third major operator in Japan, entered the Japanese market in 2006 with the purchase of Vodafone Japan. Softbank Mobile’s LTE frequency bands span from 700 MHz to 3.5 GHz, and 5G is rolled out on 3.9 GHz and mmWave.

Rakuten is new to mobile, but this is only one part of a well-established business. Founded in 1997 as an e-commerce company with only six employees and one server, the company now has a global reach with a portfolio of over 70 companies and more than a billion membership and loyalty program customers worldwide. The enterprise now covers a wide variety of industries including banking, travel, online shopping, advertising, global messaging, video delivery, data analysis and now wireless, just to name a few.

What’s extremely interesting about Rakuten as a wireless operator is the company’s culture and decades of data-centric expertise in the cloud space. Offering end-to-end user experience and controlling the entire customers’ online journey certainly brings tremendous value to the company, but it also opens the idea of other tech giants like Amazon, Google and Apple entering the mobile telecom space. With the promise of running fully virtualized network functions, the costs associated with network rollouts and operational expenditure may be significantly reduced, and any new entrants to the telecom space may bring fresh perspectives on running and operating a mobile network.

Rakuten leverages the cloud to break the chains of infrastructure

Rakuten opted for a cloud-native mobile network approach using O-RAN instead of relying entirely on traditional network infrastructure equipment vendors for core and radio access technology. This means Rakuten is decoupling radio access from baseband processing and virtualizing a large amount of network functions. This approach relies on data centers and the cloud, which are Rakuten’s strengths.

In the traditional telco world, infrastructure vendors’ solutions typically provide an end-to-end vertical stack, which includes everything from radio access and baseband processing to the transport and core. This means that when operators lock into a contract with infrastructure giants like Huawei, Nokia and Ericsson, they are locked into a proprietary closed ecosystem of software and hardware.

Once hardware and software are disaggregated, operators will be free to deploy any software-defined functions offered by any company, small or large, following “white-box” O-RAN guidelines. This approach, called “virtualization,” can be run on any off-the-shelf computer server. Virtualization reduces the importance of traditional telco hardware, speeds up rollouts, drives innovation and significantly reduces the operator’s capital expenditures. Virtualization can quickly and easily disrupt the economics of traditional operators, paving the way for fresh opportunities both for new entrants and the industry as a whole. With O-RAN, operators can work with major infrastructure vendors like Nokia, NEC, Fujitsu, Cisco and Intel and smaller companies like Airspan and Altiostar to choose custom solutions.

This also means that multi-vendor interoperability and a multitude of innovations like virtualization and automation will largely depend on a vendor’s nimbleness in the research and development space.

The innovations behind O-RAN

O-RAN architecture is a concept designed to address the future needs of mobile network providers based on openness, interoperability and industry collaboration as a whole. Traditional network deployments rely on 3GPP-compliant hardware, typically designed by a single vendor providing a closed-box software and hardware solution as well as security aspects of the networks. On the other hand, the O-RAN Alliance and its members (which include leading telecom, cloud and chipset suppliers, as well as network operators) have been leading an effort to standardize virtual RAN functions and open interfaces to enable cloud-native deployments and multi-vendor interoperability.

O-RAN opens the door to new solutions

One of the goals of this initiative is to maximize the openness and use of common off-the-shelf hardware while minimizing the use of the proprietary telecom hardware. Creating a standardized multi-vendor virtual RAN environment allows third parties to access what used to be closed vendor RAN data and create a multitude of innovative services and applications.

O-RAN promises open interfaces that enable smaller vendors to introduce their products and services in ways that are tailored to suit operators’ unique needs. This should foster vendor diversity and infrastructure robustness while allowing the operators to minimize security risks by controlling all aspects of the network.

By using commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) hardware with virtualization software in the form of containers and virtual machines (VM), the Radio Access Network basically becomes the first app in the O-RAN app store.

Improving network security and agility

Another major aspect of O-RAN is the unparalleled view it provides into the security apparatus of the network, allowing the operator to have full end-to-end visibility and transparency into the entire stack — and to control the entire supply chain for each and every component. Furthermore, because of the software-based nature of O-RAN, the operator has the ability to add, inspect or replace network functions much faster than with traditional deployments which often require physical visits for upgrades. In this way O-RAN improves the efficacy and agility of the network.

This is potentially the first time in the history of the mobile industry where operators will be given the voice and the ability to custom-build networks. From an engineering perspective, moving hardware-based baseband to the virtual world is challenging, but also fun. With recent advancements in software-defined networks and virtualization, LTE and 5G networks have the potential to behave like Wi-Fi networks from installation through integration. The concept of a telecom app store will continue driving innovation, collaboration and industry support, while both private and government sectors will need to be engaged to drive this ongoing transformation in the industry.

Allowing applications to program the network

During the last decade, progress has been made on building applications that can run on top of the network. O-RAN promises to take this to the next level by allowing applications to actually program and run the network itself, which introduces the importance of artificial intelligence (AI). The use of AI to program a network could dramatically simplify the rollout and operation of 5G networks.

Leveraging automation, virtualization and artificial intelligence could also enable self-driving network operations and reduce operating expense. Future deployments could (ideally) depend on virtualized network elements and a standardized white-box approach, which would foster a multi-vendor, interoperable and autonomous RAN.

One of the main propositions of O-RAN architecture is to extend the software-defined network (SDN) concept of decoupling the control-plane (CP) from the user-plane (UP) into RAN, while bringing in embedded intelligence. Separating UP from CP allows for more scalability and cost-effectiveness on the UP. According to the O-RAN Alliance White Paper, this new architecture introduces a set of key interfaces between multiple decoupled RAN components. These include enhanced 3GPP interfaces (F1, W1, E1, X2, Xn) to enable multi-vendor interoperability. In addition to the proposed white-box hardware, many software components will be delivered on an open-source basis like the RAN intelligent controller, protocol stack, PHY layer processing and virtualization platform.

How Rakuten made the world’s first Open Radio Access Network

As a brand new entrant in the Japanese mobile space, Rakuten took its cloud-centric approach and virtualized everything from radio to the core with hundreds of virtual functions implemented. These functions are delivered from multiple computing centers leveraging COTS hardware.

Rakuten has also fostered innovation on the radio access side by having infrastructure giants like Nokia agree to open up the radio, which is typically a black box. This allows Rakuten to control all the hardware that goes into the network, the supply chain, the ecosystem as well as the security aspect of this platform. Rakuten prides itself in the “zero touch provisioning” which breaks free from traditional network rollouts, drastically speeds up the deployment process and requirements, and redefines the way telecom operators can architect, provision and deploy the network.

A company like Rakuten — with decades of experience running server-centric IP-based services — already has an advantage over traditional telcos because of the hundreds of edge data centers they operate. At this time, Rakuten has an infrastructure of nearly 300 edge data centers that can bring content geographically closer to the user and drastically reduce latency. The CP workloads are handled by central data servers, and the entire operation is managed by the horizontal cloud. Everything from radio access, transport and network functions are virtualized and orchestrated by the Rakuten Mobile operating system.
Mobile-Architecture_1120_en-1

The process of activating and provisioning a new site takes minutes, rather than hours or days, bringing significant savings in capital and operational expenditures. For the field technicians this means all they have to do is hang radio units, connect the fiber and power, and the new cell site will be up and running.

Rakuten began initial trials late last year. Using an app-based approach, they onboarded 5,000 customers to test and validate the world’s first end-to-end cloud-native architecture. The official April 2020 launch was on LTE only, and the initial network service area covers Tokyo, Nagoya City and Osaka City. Outside of the native coverage area, users will have the ability to roam on KDDI and Okinawa Cellular. Since the operator owns the end-to-end orchestration and automation of eNodeB as a virtual network function, and both hardware and software is 5G-ready from the get-go. This also means that new network feature rollouts and fixes are significantly easier than they are for a traditional telco. On September 30, Rakuten rolled out a commercial 5G network which will be the test of how easy this flexible software-based architecture makes rolling out core and network functions.

Rakuten Mobile is performing well so far

As revolutionary as Rakuten’s approach is, end users are more likely to care about performance than how the network is configured. We took a look at Rakuten’s performance over 4G LTE and 5G in Tokyo during Q2-Q3 2020. Data for 5G is limited to Q3 as Rakuten’s 5G is only newly commercially available.

Median Speeds for Rakuten Mobile in Tokyo
Speedtest Intelligence® | Q2-Q3 2020
Download (Mbps) Upload (Mbps)
Q2 LTE 38.05 18.28
Q3 LTE 31.68 19.51
Q3 5G 101.33 18.78

Rakuten delivered a median LTE download speed of 38.05 Mbps in Q2 2020. However, LTE download speed was 16.7% lower in Q3 2020. Upload speed over LTE increased slightly. Users with access to the 5G network layer that launched at the end of Q3 2020 experienced a median download speed of 101.33 Mbps, 166.3% faster than the median download speed over LTE in Q2 and 219.9% faster than median download speed over LTE in Q3. The median upload speed on 5G was slower than on LTE.

What operators can learn from the Rakuten model

The Rakuten model is a very early dive into the world of O-RAN architecture. It went from a proof-of-concept to a fully fledged commercial mobile network serving millions of customers in what felt like the blink of an eye. There are still many unknowns, in particular in terms of future scalability and security, but the operator seems to be very confident with its own Rakuten Mobile Platform (RMP). In fact, that same platform is being offered as a turn-key solution to existing mobile operators and new entrants.

This model promises a significant cost reduction in both capital and operating expense, including head count (due to the data-centric nature and the level of automation). This approach seems to pose a threat to the traditional telecom giants like Ericsson, Nokia and Huawei in terms of revenue. However, these companies’ willingness to open their radio components and allow customization for Rakuten’s specific needs implies that broader change is coming in the telecom world.
dish_spectrum_map_en-01

An operator that could benefit from the extension of this experiment is DISH, a recent entrant to the U.S. mobile market. Over the past few decades, DISH has acquired significant amounts of spectrum that spans from 600 MHz all the way up to the mmWave, including the potential acquisition of Sprint’s 800 MHz spectrum assets. Similar to Rakuten Mobile, DISH could potentially combine fallow spectrum and the promise of building and deploying a facilities-based O-RAN 5G network. Deploying a lean network could, at least in theory, enable a rapid deployment of DISH’s assets, which could create many new jobs while leveraging American companies that are eager to innovate and disrupt, such as Cisco, Altiostar, Mavenir, Qualcomm, Intel and Airspan (to name a few).

A recent announcement reveals VMWare as a strategic partner in providing a cloud-based abstraction layer, which is essentially a 5G operating system that will hold the silicon, software and cloud together, and will enable a hyper-scale of public cloud capacity where needed.

O-RAN would allow DISH and other mobile operators to expand beyond the constraints of vertical solutions provided by traditional telco vendors like Ericsson, Huawei and Nokia. The O-RAN concept would simplify and fully automate the network deployment using DISH’s greenfield environment. Nokia has been the most receptive to the O-RAN approach, agreeing to provide 5G core applications including subscriber management, device management and integration services (among others). DISH has recently signed a deal with Japanese giant Fujitsu, securing a large order of O-RAN-compliant radios while Altiostar and Mavenir will also be providing O-RAN software.

While all eyes will be immediately focused on Rakuten Mobile and its cloud-native O-RAN 5G network, operators and infrastructure vendors around the world are working together to improve the O-RAN concept. From a financial and operational standpoint, the O-RAN model makes a lot of sense, and a few operators are already looking into leveraging at least some tools from the O-RAN toolbox. India’s Reliance Jio has plans for a deployment similar to Rakuten’s, while U.S. telcos Verizon and AT&T are already making steps to allow for multi-vendor 5G interoperability in some markets. Recently, Telefónica Spain and STC in Saudi Arabia have shown interest in Rakuten’s mobile platform.

We are likely to see a lot more O-RAN announcements in the coming year, and we at Ookla will continue monitoring Rakuten’s network performance, so stay tuned.


楽天がO-RANの活用でモバイルを一新、携帯電話の今後のありかたをまったく変える可能性を示す

日本の企業はこれまでに何度も、顧客の生活を豊かにする革新的な新技術導入の最前線にいました。たとえば、世界初の1Gの通話サービスは1979年に日本で初めて始まりました。そのため、楽天がOpen Radio Access Network(O-RAN)標準を採用し、クラウドネイティブなモバイルネットワークとして楽天モバイルを構築することで、携帯通信への最先端のアプローチがすでに日本で始まっていることも驚きではありません。楽天は、この完全に仮想的なモバイルネットワークにより、ネットワークの構築とアップグレードにかかるコストを削減し、さらに、楽天モバイルの顧客にオンラインでのアクティビティにおける一貫したユーザーエクスペリエンスを提供できるようになりました。

楽天が確立された市場を打破

JP-Rakuten-Diagram

楽天モバイルの参入以前、日本の携帯通信市場はNTT Docomo、au by KDDI、Softbankモバイルの3社の主要な事業者によって支配されていました。これら3社すべては10年以上運営されており、日本全国で5Gを展開しています。

NTT DoCoMoは日本電信電話(NTT)から派生し、1991年に2Gサービスを開始しました。その後10年間で、同社は3Gに移行しています。現在は、700MHz、800MHz、1.5GHz、1.8GHz、2.1GHz、3.5GHzのバンドでLTEサービスを提供しています。現在、同社は3.6GHz、4.5GHz、ミリ波で5Gサービスを開始しています。

KDDIは、KDD、DDI、IDOの3社が合併して2000年に設立されました。同社は2Gと3GサービスにCDMA技術を使用し、現在では700MHz、800MHz、1.4GHz、2.1GHz、3.5GHzを使用してLTEサービスを提供しています。最近開始された5Gサービスは、3.8GHz、4.1GHz、ミリ波で展開されています。

日本の3つめのキャリアであるSoftbankモバイルは、Vodafone Japanを買収して2006年に日本市場に参入しました。SoftbankモバイルのLTE周波数バンドは700MHzから3.5GHzで、5Gは3.9GHzとミリ波で展開されています。

楽天は携帯通信事業に初参入ですが、同事業は確立されたビジネスの一部となっています。1997年にわずか6名の従業員と1台のサーバーでEコマース企業として設立された同社は、現在では70社以上の企業のポートフォリオと、10億人以上の会員とポイントプログラムの顧客を世界中に抱え、グローバルに展開しています。同社は現在幅広い業界に展開しており、いくつか例を挙げると、銀行、旅行、オンラインショッピング、広告、グローバルメッセージ機能、動画配信、データ解析、そして携帯通信などです。

楽天が携帯通信事業者として非常に興味深い点は、同社の文化とクラウド事業における数十年分のデータ中心のノウハウです。エンドツーエンドのユーザーエクスペリエンスの提供と顧客のオンラインジャーニー全体の制御は、確かに多大な価値をもたらしていますが、同時に、Amazon、Google、Appleなどの情報技術系最大手企業が携帯通信事業に参入したことを連想させます。完全に仮想化されたネットワーク機能を実行するという約束のもと、ネットワークの展開と運用費用に関連するコストが大幅に削減され、新規通信事業者が増えることでモバイルネットワークの実行と運用に新しい展望をもたらすでしょう。

楽天はクラウドを活用してインフラストラクチャの鎖を解く

楽天は、核となる技術と無線アクセス技術について従来のネットワークインフラストラクチャの設備ベンダーに完全に依存するのではなく、O-RANを使用してクラウドネイティブなモバイルネットワークへのアプローチを採用しました。これは、楽天が無線アクセスをベースバンド処理から分離させ、多数のネットワーク機能を仮想化していることを意味します。このアプローチでは、楽天の強みであるデータセンターとクラウドを基盤としています。

従来の携帯通信業界では、インフラストラクチャベンダーのソリューションがエンドツーエンドの垂直スタックを提供することが一般的でした。これには、無線アクセスとベースバンド処理から、転送とコアに至るまでのすべてが含まれています。これは、事業者がHuawei、Nokia、Ericssonなどのインフラストラクチャの大手企業との契約に縛られると、ソフトウェアとハードウェアの私的に閉じられたエコシステムに閉じ込められることを意味します。

ハードウェアとソフトウェアが分離されると、事業者は大小あらゆる企業によって提供される、あらゆるソフトウェア定義機能を自由に展開できます。これは「ホワイトボックス化」されたO-RANのガイドラインに従っています。「仮想化」と呼ばれるこのアプローチは、あらゆる既成のコンピューターサーバー上で実行可能です。仮想化は従来の携帯通信ハードウェアの重要性を低減し、展開を高速化し、イノベーションを促進して事業者の資本支出を大幅に減らします。仮想化は従来の事業者の経済を一瞬で簡単に破壊させ得るため、新たな参入企業と業界全体の両方で新鮮な機会を創出しています。O-RANを使用することで、事業者は、Nokia、NEC、富士通、Cisco、Intelなどの大手インフラストラクチャベンダー、およびAirspanやAltiostarなどの小規模な企業と提携し、カスタムのソリューションを選択できます。

これは同時に、マルチベンダーの相互運用性と、仮想化や自動化などのイノベーションの数が、研究と開発分野におけるベンダーの俊敏性に大きく依存することも意味します。

O-RANの背景にあるイノベーション

O-RANアーキテクチャは、モバイルネットワークプロバイダーの将来のニーズに対応するために設計されたコンセプトで、オープン性、相互運用性、業界全体の協業性に基づいています。従来のネットワーク展開は3GPP準拠のハードウェアに依存しており、これは通常、クローズボックスのソフトウェアとハードウェアソリューション、およびネットワークのセキュリティ面を提供する単一のベンダーにより設計されています。一方で、O-RANアライアンスとそのメンバー(大手通信企業、クラウドおよびチップセットのサプライヤー、携帯通信事業者を含む)は、仮想RAN機能とオープンインフラストラクチャを標準化し、クラウドネイティブな展開とマルチベンダーの相互運用性を実現するための取り組みを進めています。

新たなソリューションへの扉を開くO-RAN

このイニシアチブの目標の1つに、私的な携帯通信ハードウェアの使用を最小限にしながら、オープン性と一般的な既成ハードウェアの使用を最大限にすることが挙げられます。標準化されたマルチベンダーの仮想RAN環境を作り上げることにより、サードパーティがかつてはクローズドだったベンダーのRANデータにアクセスし、多くの革新的なサービスとアプリケーションを作成できるようになります。

O-RANは、小規模なベンダーが、事業者固有のニーズに合うようにカスタマイズされた、自社の製品とサービスを導入できるようにするオープンなインターフェイスを確約します。これにより、事業者がネットワークのすべての側面を制御することでセキュリティのリスクを最小限に抑えながら、ベンダーの多様性を広げ、インフラストラクチャの堅牢性を強化することにつながります。

商用の既成(COTS)ハードウェアを、コンテナと仮想マシン(VM)の形で仮想化ソフトウェアとともに使用することで、基本的に無線アクセスネットワークがO-RANのアプリストア内の最初のアプリとなります。

ネットワークのセキュリティと俊敏性を向上

O-RANの他の大きな側面として、ネットワークのセキュリティ組織にもたらされる他にはない視点があります。これにより、事業者はスタック全体に完全なエンドツーエンドの視認性と透明性を手に入れることができます。そして、各コンポーネントすべてに対するサプライチェーン全体を管理できます。さらに、O-RANのソフトウェアベースの性質によって、アップグレードのために物理的に訪れる必要があった従来の展開よりもはるかに高速にネットワーク機能を追加、点検、交換することができます。このようにして、O-RANはネットワークの有効性と俊敏性を高めることができます。

事業者がカスタムに構築されたネットワークを表明し実行できるのは、携帯通信業界においてこれが初めてかもしれません。エンジニアリングの観点からは、ハードウェアベースのベースバンドを仮想世界に移行するのは困難ですが、同時に楽しさもあります。最近のソフトウェア定義ネットワークと仮想化の進歩により、LTEおよび5Gネットワークは、設置から統合までWi-Fiネットワークのように機能する可能性を秘めています。携帯通信アプリストアのコンセプトはこれからもイノベーション、コラボレーション、業界のサポートを推進しつづけます。一方で一般部門と政府部門の両方が業界におけるこの継続的な転換の促進に従事する必要があります。

アプリケーションによるネットワークのプログラミングを実現

ここ10年間で、ネットワークの上層で実行可能なアプリケーションの構築は進歩しています。O-RANは、アプリケーションが実際にネットワークそのものをプログラミングおよび実行できるようにすることで、これを次のレベルへと高めます。これは、人工知能(AI)の重要性につながります。ネットワークのプログラミングにAIを使用することで、5Gネットワークの展開と運用が劇的に簡素化できます。

自動化、仮想化、人工知能の活用により、自己駆動形のネットワーク運用が実現し、運用コストを削減できます。将来の展開は(理想的には)、仮想化ネットワーク要素と標準化されたホワイトボックスのアプローチに基づく可能性があり、これにより、マルチベンダー化、相互運用性、自律型RANが推進されます。

O-RANアーキテクチャの主な課題の1つに、埋め込みインテリジェンスをもたらしながら、同時に制御プレーン(CP)をユーザープレーン(UP)からRANに分離させるという、ソフトウェア定義ネットワーク(SDN)の概念を拡大することが挙げられます。UPをCPから分離させることにより、UPでのスケーラビリティとコスト効率性が高まります。O-RANアライアンスのホワイトペーパーによると、この新たなアーキテクチャによって、複数の分離されたRANコンポーネント間の一連の主なインターフェイスが導入されます。これには、マルチベンダーの相互運用性を実現するための3GPPインターフェイス(F1、W1、E1、X2、Xn)が含まれます。提唱されたホワイトボックスのハードウェアに加えて、多くのソフトウェアコンポーネントは、RANインテリジェントコントローラー、プロトコルスタック、PHYレイヤー処理、仮想化プラットフォームのように、オープンソースベースで提供されます。

楽天はいかにして世界初のオープン無線アクセスネットワークを作り上げたか

日本の携帯通信事業への新たな参入企業として、楽天はそのクラウド中心のアプローチを採用し、数百の仮想化機能を実装して無線からコアにいたるまでのすべてを仮想化しました。これらの機能は、COTSハードウェアを活用した複数のコンピューティングセンターから提供されます。

また楽天は、Nokiaのようなインフラストラクチャ大手企業の周波数を利用可能にすることについて合意を得ることで、無線アクセスにおける革新を促進しました。これは、通常はブラックボックスとなっています。これにより、楽天はネットワーク、サプライチェーン、エコシステム、そしてこのプラットフォームのセキュリティ面に使用されるすべてのハードウェアを制御できます。楽天は、従来のネットワーク展開から解放し、展開プロセスと要件を劇的に高速化させ、携帯通信事業者がネットワークを設計、プロビジョニング、展開する方法を再定義する「ゼロタッチプロビジョニング」に自信を持っています。

サーバー中心のIPベースのサービスを運用してきた数十年の経験を持つ楽天のような企業は、同社が運用する数百のエッジデータセンターにより、従来の携帯通信よりもすでに優位に立っています。現時点で、楽天は300か所近いエッジデータセンターのインフラストラクチャを有しており、地理的にユーザーに近い場所にコンテンツを配信することで、遅延を劇的に低減しています。CPのワークロードは中央データサーバーによって処理され、運用全体は水平的なクラウドによって管理されます。無線アクセス、転送、ネットワーク機能のすべては仮想化され、楽天モバイルのオペレーティングシステムによってオーケストレーションされます。
Mobile-Architecture_1120_jp

新たなサイトの有効化とプロビジョニングのプロセスは、数時間も数日もかかることなく、数分で完了し、資本コストおよび運用コストを大幅に削減できます。現場技術者にとってこれは、無線ユニットを吊るし、ケーブルと電源を接続するだけで、新たなセルサイトを稼動できることを意味します。

楽天は初期テストを昨年後半に開始しています。アプリベースのアプローチを使用することで、5,000人の顧客を招待して世界初のエンドツーエンドのクラウドネイティブなアーキテクチャをテストおよび検証しました。2020年4月に公式に運用開始したのはLTEのみで、当初のネットワークサービスでは東京、名古屋市、大阪市のエリアをカバーしています。ネイティブにカバーされているエリアの外では、ユーザーはKDDIおよび沖縄セルラーからローミングできます。事業者は、eNodeBのエンドツーエンドのオーケストレーションと自動化を仮想ネットワーク機能として所有しており、ハードウェアとソフトウェアの両方が最初から5Gに対応しています。これは、新たなネットワーク機能の展開と修正が従来の携帯通信よりも大幅に簡単であることも意味します。9月30日に、楽天は商用の5Gネットワークを展開しました。これは、この柔軟なソフトウェアベースのアーキテクチャによって、コアとネットワーク機能の展開がどれくらい簡単になるかのテストです。

楽天モバイルのパフォーマンスは順調

楽天のアプローチは革命的ですが、エンドユーザーはネットワーク構成の仕組みよりもパフォーマンスを気にします。2020年第2四半期から第3四半期の、東京における4G LTEと5Gの楽天のパフォーマンスを確認してみました。楽天の5Gは商用的に開始されたばかりのため、5Gのデータは第3四半期のみとなっています。

東京における楽天モバイルの中央速度
Speedtest Intelligence® | 2020年第2四半期から第3四半期
下り(Mbps) 上り(Mbps)
第2四半期LTE 38.05 18.28
第3四半期LTE 31.68 19.51
第3四半期5G 101.33 18.78

楽天は、2020年第2四半期のLTEの中央速度が下り38.05Mbpsでした。しかし、2020年第3四半期にはLTEの下り速度は16.7%落ちています。LTEでの上り速度はわずかに上昇しています。2020年第3四半期の終わりに開始された、5Gネットワークレイヤーにアクセスできるユーザーは、101.33Mbpsの下り中央速度で利用しています。これは、第2四半期のLTEでの下り中央速度よりも166.3%速く、さらに第3四半期の下り中央速度よりも219.9%速くなっています。5Gの上り中央速度はLTEよりも低速でした。

事業者が楽天モデルから学べること

楽天モデルでは、O-RANアーキテクチャの世界へかなり早い段階で踏み入りました。そこから概念実証が始まり、あっという間に数百万人のユーザーにサービスを提供する、完全に実用的な商用モバイルネットワークになりました。特に将来のスケーラビリティとセキュリティに関しては、まだ数多くの未知の部分があるものの、楽天は独自の楽天モバイルプラットフォーム(RMP)に非常に信頼を置いているように見えます。実際、この同じプラットフォームが既存の携帯通信事業者と新たな参入企業に対して、ターンキーソリューションとして提供されています。

このモデルでは、社員数を含む、資本コストと運用コストの両方の大幅な削減が確約されています(データ中心の性質と自動化のレベルによるものです)。このアプローチは、Ericsson、Nokia、Huaweiのような従来の携帯通信大手企業にとって、収益の観点からは脅威となる可能性を秘めているでしょう。ただし、これらの企業が無線コンポーネントを開放し、楽天固有のニーズに対するカスタマイズを快く許可したことは、携帯通信業界において大きな変化が訪れることを示唆しています。
dish_spectrum_map_jp-01

この試みが広がることでメリットを享受できる可能性のある事業者にDISHが挙げられます。同社は、米国の携帯通信市場に最近参入しました。過去数十年間で、DISHは600MHzからミリ波にいたるまでの十分な周波数を獲得しています。また、Sprintの800MHz周波数アセットも獲得予定です。楽天モバイルと同様に、DISHでは、使用されていない周波数と、施設ベースのO-RAN 5Gネットワークを構築および展開するという契約を組みわせることが検討されています。無駄のないネットワークの展開によって、少なくとも理論的には、DISHのアセットの迅速な展開が可能になります。これにより、Cisco、Altiostar、Mavenir、Qualcomm、Intel、Airspanなど(ごく一部の例ですが)の、革新と打破に意欲的な米国企業を活用しながら、多くの業務が新たに創出される可能性があります。

最近の発表では、VMwareが、シリコン、ソフトウェア、クラウドをまとめて有する本質的な5Gオペレーティングシステムであり、必要な場合にパブリッククラウドのキャパシティを拡大できるようにする、クラウドベースの抽象化レイヤーの提供における戦略的パートナーとなっています。

O-RANにより、DISHなどの携帯通信事業者が、Ericsson、Huawei、Nokiaなどの従来の携帯通信ベンダーにより提供されている垂直的なソリューションの制約を超えて拡張することができるようになります。O-RANの概念は、DISHの未開発環境を使用したネットワーク展開を簡素化し、完全に自動化するものになるでしょう。NokiaはO-RANアプローチを最も受け入れている企業であり、とりわけ登録者管理、デバイス管理、統合サービスなどの5Gコアアプリケーションの提供に合意しています。DISHは最近、O-RANに準拠した大量の無線を有している日本の大手企業である富士通との契約に署名しています。一方、AltiostarとMavenirもO-RANソフトウェアを提供予定です

楽天モバイルとそのクラウドネイティブなO-RAN 5Gネットワークに多くの注目が集まる一方で、世界中の事業者とインフラストラクチャベンダーが協力してO-RANの概念を向上させています。経済的および運用的な観点からは、O-RANモデルは大変理にかなっており、小数の事業者はすでにO-RANツールボックスの少なくとも一部のツールを活用することを検討しています。インドのReliance Jioでは楽天に似た展開を計画しており、米国の携帯通信事業者であるVerizonとAT&Tではすでに一部の市場でマルチベンダーの5G相互運用性を許可するための手順を踏んでいます。最近では、サウジアラビアのTelefónica SpainおよびSTCが楽天のモバイルプラットフォームに興味を示しています。

来年にはさらに多くのO-RAN関連の発表があると思われます。Ooklaでは楽天のネットワークのパフォーマンスを引き続き注視していく予定です。

Ookla retains ownership of this article including all of the intellectual property rights, data, content graphs and analysis. This article may not be quoted, reproduced, distributed or published for any commercial purpose without prior consent. Members of the press and others using the findings in this article for non-commercial purposes are welcome to publicly share and link to report information with attribution to Ookla.

| April 14, 2020

Can’t Connect? The Most Significant Online Service Outages in Q1 2020

“We’re experiencing problems at the moment” became an all-too-familiar phrase during the first three months of 2020. As we continue with our series of most significant outages across the globe, this article examines major web and online service outages from Q1 2020 using Downdetector® data. Outages came under increased scrutiny as COVID-19 spread and more people began working or studying from home, gaming, video conferencing and using more online services than ever before. However, we saw significant outages both before and after this time. The six categories of outages we’re highlighting here are: collaboration platforms, gaming, telecom operators, streaming services, social media and financial institutions.

Collaboration platforms

Google Drive (January 27, 2020): 24,558 outage reports at peak

1-Google-Drive-1
Users of Google’s popular file storage and synchronization service rushed to Downdetector when receiving the following error message: “Google Docs encountered an error. Please try reloading this page, or coming back to it in a few minutes.” on January 27. The outage reportedly lasted an hour and Downdetector received 24,558 reports during the peak fifteen minutes of the outage. Most reports originated from the US, but users also reported problems in Germany, Japan, Mexico, the Netherlands and the UK.

Zoom (March 20, 2020): 1,483 reports at peak

2-Zoom-1
Video conferencing software like Zoom has become an important tool to communicate. Amid an increase in volume, Zoom users, mostly in the U.S., reported an outage on March 20 that left people unable to access the service or make calls. The service also experienced a smaller outage on March 5 with 586 reports at the peak. Both outages lasted approximately two hours.

Microsoft Teams (March 16): Multiple outages

3-Teams
Microsoft Teams experienced a worldwide outage on March 16. The collaboration platform that streamlines communication in an organization was reportedly down for users in Germany, the Netherlands, Sweden and the U.S. The duration of the outage varied by country, but lasted more than six hours in most and recurred in the Netherlands for a period on March 17. Teams also experienced a significant outage over the span of five hours on February 2 when 9,386 users in the U.S. reported problems at the peak.

Gaming

Steam (multiple outages)

Steam-Bar-Outage-1
Steam suffered nine major outages during Q1 2020 (seven of which are pictured above), according to reports from users in Germany, the U.K. and the U.S. The largest outage took place on February 18 when the gaming platform was down for about three hours and 14,955 users reported issues at the peak of the outage. Steam users rushed to Downdetector again on March 17, which was Steam’s second largest outage with 11,585 reports at the peak of the outage. The two subsequent Tuesdays also proved problematic for Steam with 6,931 outages during the peak on March 24 and 4,440 outages during the March 31 peak.

Call of Duty (March 15): 7,761 outages at peak

4-Call-of-Duty
Users in the U.S. reported multiple Call of Duty outages during Q1 2020. The largest outage took place on March 15, with 7,761 reports at the peak of an outage that primarily affected the server connection of the gaming platform. Gamers were unable to play with friends for about four hours that day. On March 17, Call of Duty had a smaller outage with 3,549 reports at peak.

Fortnite (March 17): 3,998 reports at peak

5-Fortnite

On March 17, Fornite tweeted “We’re currently investigating issues with logins, matchmaking, the Item Shop, and other Fortnight services. We’ll provide an update when these are resolved,” after users reported having problems with the gaming platform. Users were unable to access Fornite for about four hours that day. Most of the reports came from France, Germany, Japan, the Netherlands, Spain, the U.K. and the U.S.

Telecom providers

Italy

TIM Italy (March 12): 2,667 reports at peak

6-TIM
Users throughout Italy flooded Downdetector with reports of problems with their mobile internet connections on March 12. The outage lasted close to an hour and showed 2,667 reports at the peak of the outage. TIM had a smaller outage the day before with 1,337 reports at the peak of the outage.

Vodafone Italy (February 14th): 1,733 reports at peak

7-Vodafone
Vodafone users in Italy reported having problems with their mobile service on February 14. The outage lasted four hours and peaked at 1,733 reports. Users also reported problems with their mobile internet connection.

United States

Comcast (January 23): 39,638 reports at peak

8-Comcast
The U.S. internet service provider experienced a major outage on January 23. The outage lasted for two hours with 39,638 reports at the peak of the outage. Weeks later, the service experienced a smaller outage on March 3 with 1,124 reports during the peak.

United Kingdom

Virgin Media (March 4-5): 4,348 reports at peak

9-Virgin-UK
Users in the U.K. reported their internet service was not working during Virgin Media’s outage starting on March 4 and continuing through March 5. The outage peaked on March 5 when 4,348 users reported issues.

Social Media

Twitter (February 7): 11,542 reports at peak

10-Twitter-1
The largest social media outage in Q1 2020 belonged to Twitter. On February 7, users in the Twitterverse were unable to tweet, retweet or like tweets for about two hours. Over 11,500 U.S. users reported problems during the peak of the outage. Users in Germany, Japan and the U.K. also reported problems with the platform.

Facebook (January 24-25): 3,718 reports at peak

11-Facebook
Facebook users reported problems with the site on Downdetector starting on January 24. Most users reported problems with their newsfeed or the inability to log in to the social media platform. At the peak of the outage, there were 3,718 reports from users in the U.S. Users in Germany and the U.K. also reported problems that day. Users were still experiencing issues through January 25.

Streaming Services

Streaming-bar-outages

Hulu (March 20): 4,017 reports at peak

People hoping to binge-watch their favorite shows while in quarantine were disappointed to find Hulu was down on March 20. Users complaints on Downdetector included not being able to log in or of the player not working properly. The outage lasted approximately two hours.

Disney+ (January 6): 1,710 reports at peak

Disney + experienced an outage at the beginning of Q1 2020 that reached 1,710 reports at the peak. For an hour, users in the U.S. reported they were unable to log in to the platform.

Netflix (March 25): 1,690 reports at peak

For two hours on March 25, thousands of Netflix users were unable to stream their favorite shows. At the peak of Nexflix’s biggest outage in Q1 2020, 1,690 users reported problems in the U.S.

Funimation (March 25): 1,191 reports at peak

Anime lovers in the US reported problems with Funimation towards the end of Q1 2020. Most users complained of not being able to log in to the service for about an hour that day. There were 1,191 reports at the peak of the outage.

Financial Services

Robinhood (multiple outages)

robinhood-barchart

Robinhood had multiple fumbles during Q1 2020, leaving users frustrated with the financial service. The most significant outage took place on March 2 with 14,429 reports at the peak of the outage. Robin Hood experienced additional outages on March 3 and March 9 with 3,538 and 3,119 reports during the respective peaks.

Is an outage disrupting your day? You’re not alone. Find out if there’s an outage and bond with other frustrated users on Downdetector and read about other significant outages here.

Editor’s note: This article was updated on April 14 to clarify the Steam section and related graphic.

Ookla retains ownership of this article including all of the intellectual property rights, data, content graphs and analysis. This article may not be quoted, reproduced, distributed or published for any commercial purpose without prior consent. Members of the press and others using the findings in this article for non-commercial purposes are welcome to publicly share and link to report information with attribution to Ookla.

| November 18, 2020

ICYMI: Ookla Data and Research from October 2020

Highlights from the Speedtest Global IndexTM

Global-Index-Tweet-Image-Oct-2020
These are the top stories from October 2020:

  • Australia is back in the top 5 for mobile for the first time since November 2019.
  • Luxembourg had a substantial rank change on mobile, moving up 11 places. This is likely due to two thirds of Luxembourg’s top providers now providing 5G.
  • The U.S. has finally broken the top thirty on mobile for the first time, coming in at 27th. Again, this is likely due to new 5G developments.
  • With Andorra’s largest fixed broadband provider offering 300 Mbps and 700 Mbps service plans, the country has seen a steady increase in monthly performance since February of this year.
  • Cyprus has seen steady increases in fixed broadband speed over the last few months, with one of the country’s top providers now offering fixed broadband plans up to 300 Mbps. The country now ranks 68th.

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Upgrades in Mobile Speeds in India Come with Expanded 4G Availability


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Make Better Funding Decisions with Accurate Broadband Network Data: A Guide for Federal, State and Local Governments (White Paper)


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How to Improve In-Building Network Performance and Coverage with Crowdsourced Data (White Paper)


Use this white paper to learn how to discover heavily populated buildings with poor network coverage or quality — then how to make low-cost improvements to indoor network performance and coverage.

“Unable to Connect” — The Most Significant Online Service Outages in Q3 2020


Discover which online services around the world suffered the most widely reported incidents in Q3 2020 based on data from Downdetector®.

How Downdetector Works


Learn how Downdetector spots outages, assesses the geography of issues and determines how many problem reports it takes to indicate an incident with a site or online service.

Ookla retains ownership of this article including all of the intellectual property rights, data, content graphs and analysis. This article may not be quoted, reproduced, distributed or published for any commercial purpose without prior consent. Members of the press and others using the findings in this article for non-commercial purposes are welcome to publicly share and link to report information with attribution to Ookla.

| July 27, 2021

Oslo Tops the List of World Capitals with the Fastest 5G in Q1-Q2 2021

Mobile operators are rapidly expanding 5G deployments across the globe, with 16,410 new 5G deployments across 109 countries added to the Ookla 5G Map in June 2021 alone. Huge investments in 5G are being made to increase performance, especially in major cities. We used Speedtest Intelligence® to see which world capitals have the best 5G speeds and availability, based on locations with commercially available 5G during Q1-Q2 2021.

Oslo, Norway was the fastest world capital for 5G during Q1-Q2 2021

ookla_fastest_5g_download_speed_world_capitals_0721

The race for fastest 5G performance among world capitals was extremely competitive during Q1-Q2 2021. Oslo, Norway had the fastest 5G of any world capital, clocking in with a median download speed of 526.74 Mbps. Seoul, South Korea had the second fastest median download speed over 5G at 467.84 Mbps; Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates was third (421.26 Mbps); Doha, Qatar fourth (413.40 Mbps) and Stockholm, Sweden fifth (401.30 Mbps). Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (384.66 Mbps); Kuwait City, Kuwait (338.97 Mbps), Muscat, Oman (318.95 Mbps); Beijing, China (291.19 Mbps); and Taipei, Taiwan (287.86 Mbps); rounded out the top 10. Helsinki, Finland showed a median 5G download speed of 279.59 Mbps; Sofia, Bulgaria 260.55 Mbps; Canberra, Australia 258.39 Mbps; Bangkok, Thailand 253.73 Mbps; Manama, Bahrain 249.71; Dublin, Ireland 223.01; Luxembourg City, Luxembourg 209.98 Mbps; Paris, France 208.48 Mbps and Bucharest, Romania 203.44 Mbps.

We saw median 5G download speeds between 150 Mbps and 200 Mbps in the following world capitals during Q1-Q2 2021: Ottawa, Canada (196.11 Mbps); Hanoi, Vietnam (195.99 Mbps); Bratislava, Slovakia (188.23 Mbps); Madrid, Spain (183.37 Mbps); Bern, Switzerland (175.69 Mbps); Rome, Italy (171.79 Mbps); London, United Kingdom (167.50 Mbps); Tokyo, Japan (167.02 Mbps); Athens, Greece (164.95 Mbps); Copenhagen, Denmark (162.75 Mbps); Ljubljana, Slovenia (158.50 Mbps); Hong Kong (153.78) and Washington, D.C., United States (151.80 Mbps).

Cape Town, South Africa was the slowest world capital for 5G in Q1-Q2 2021

ookla_slowest_5g_download_speed_world_capitals_0721

Speedtest Intelligence shows Capetown, South Africa had the slowest median download speed over 5G during Q1-Q2 2021 at 53.33 Mbps. Other world capitals with slower median 5G download speeds included: Brasilia, Brazil (62.18 Mbps); San Juan, Puerto Rico (72.59 Mbps); Warsaw, Poland (80.18 Mbps); Singapore (111.20 Mbps); Manila, Philippines (112.23 Mbps); Prague, Czechia (116.30 Mbps); Budapest, Hungary (137.54 Mbps); Amsterdam, Netherlands (139.75 Mbps); Zagreb, Croatia (140.92 Mbps); Vienna, Austria (144.93 Mbps); Jerusalem, Israel (145.17 Mbps); and Berlin, Germany (148.16 Mbps).

Capitals not mentioned on either of these lists did not have sufficient 5G samples during Q1-Q2 2021 to be included in this report.

The fastest 5G speeds are yet to come

5G is rapidly improving across the world and we’re eager to see how countries, cities and operators continue to perform during Q3 2021 and beyond. If you want to see how your 5G network performs against these benchmarks, please download the Android or iOS app, and take a Speedtest®. Learn more about 5G provider performance in select cities here, and visit the Ookla 5G MapTM to see which providers are offering 5G in your area.

Editor’s note: This article was updated on July 28 to reorganize the content for clarity.

Ookla retains ownership of this article including all of the intellectual property rights, data, content graphs and analysis. This article may not be quoted, reproduced, distributed or published for any commercial purpose without prior consent. Members of the press and others using the findings in this article for non-commercial purposes are welcome to publicly share and link to report information with attribution to Ookla.

| December 21, 2021

Taiwan’s Fixed Broadband Performance Remains Flat


用中文閱讀

Internet speeds in East Asia and the Greater China region are some of the fastest in the world for both mobile and fixed broadband. During November 2021, five countries ranked in the top 30 of the Ookla® Global Index™ for fixed broadband internet speeds: Hong Kong (SAR) (4th), Mainland China (6th), South Korea (16th), Taiwan (24th) and Japan (27th). We decided to look further into Taiwan’s fixed broadband performance after evaluating the country’s mobile performance in our Global Index Market Analyses earlier this quarter. The following article uses Ookla Speedtest Intelligence® to examine how Taiwan’s fixed broadband performance compared to the rest of East Asia during Q3 2021, evaluate performance for Taiwan’s top providers and discover how fixed broadband performance fared among Taiwan’s largest cities.

Hong Kong and China saw download speeds rapidly increase over the past year

ookla_fixed_performance_east-asia_1221_en-01

Speedtest Intelligence revealed a divide in East Asia’s fixed broadband performance over the past year: China and Hong Kong have seen median download and upload speeds rapidly increase over the past year, while Japan, South Korea and Taiwan have seen speeds remain relatively unchanged. Hong Kong had the fastest median download speed in the countries we surveyed at 151.75 Mbps during Q3 2021. China followed at 120.25 Mbps. South Korea (96.00 Mbps), Japan (92.01 Mbps) and Taiwan (88.34 Mbps) rounded out our list.

Hong Kong and South Korea had upload speeds near 100 Mbps

Speedtest Intelligence discovered another divide in East Asia during Q3 2021: South Korea (94.72 Mbps), Hong Kong (94.47 Mbps) and Japan (86.11 Mbps) all had median upload speeds above 85 Mbps while Taiwan and China only had upload speeds at 38.42 Mbps and 35.71 Mbps, respectively.

Competition was tight among Taiwan’s top fixed broadband providers

ookla_fixed_performance_taiwan-providers_1221_en-01

Competition was extremely close among Taiwan’s top fixed broadband providers for fastest median download speed during Q3 2021, with Home+ (93.73 Mbps) edging out kbro (92.72 Mbps) and HiNet (89.90 Mbps). TWM Broadband followed at 72.53 Mbps.

HiNet had the fastest median upload speed at 39.82 Mbps, followed by Home+ (31.26 Mbps), kbro (27.89 Mbps) and TWM Broadband (26.65 Mbps).

Taipei City had the fastest speeds in Taiwan

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Taipei City had the fastest median download and upload speeds among Taiwan’s most populous cities at 108.71 Mbps and 47.37 Mbps, respectively, during Q3 2021. New Taipei City (87.18 Mbps), Keelung City (84.69 Mbps) and Taoyuan City (80.75 Mbps) all reached median download speeds above 80 Mbps during Q3 2021. Chiayi City was the only city on our list to not reach median download speeds above 65 Mbps at 60.34 Mbps. For median upload speed, New Taipei City (36.97 Mbps) and Kaohsiung (36.17 Mbps) were the only cities with median upload speeds above 35 Mbps during Q3 2021. Every other city except Changhua achieved a median upload speed between 30 and 35 Mbps.

Taiwan’s top ISPs remain locked in tight competition, face new contenders in 5G

Taiwanese ISPs have risen to the challenge to deliver fast internet for consumers during the COVID-19 pandemic. But as life begins to move away from these extraordinary circumstances, ISPs face a new reality: 5G operators are able to compete with ISPs with lightning fast speeds. For all mobile 5G operators combined, Taiwan had a median 5G download speed at 296.63 Mbps during Q3 2021 — though Chunghwa Telecom achieved a blistering fast 440.93 Mbps, a far cry ahead of FarEastTone’s 335.17 Mbps, which was next on our list. That makes 5G operators very much in competition with Taiwanese ISPs.

We’ll continue monitoring how fixed broadband and mobile providers perform in Taiwan. If you want to learn more about Speedtest Intelligence, please inquire here.


台灣固定寬帶錶現持平

東亞和大中華地區的移動和固定寬帶網速在全世界名列前茅。 2021年11月,在Ookla® Global Index™排名前30位的國家/地區中,有5個來自上述地區:香港(第4位)、中國大陸(第6位)、韓國(第16位)、台灣(第24位)和日本(第27位)。本季度早些時候,我們在《全球指數市場分析》(Global Index Market Analyses)中評估了台灣的移動業務表現後,決定進一步研究台灣固定寬帶業務的表現。以下文章使用了Ookla Speedtest Intelligence®的數據,研究在2021年第三季度台灣固定寬帶性能的表現與東亞其他地區的比較,評估台灣主要服務提供商的表現情況,並探討台灣各大城市的固定寬帶性能表現如何。

在過去的一年中,香港和中國大陸的網絡下載速度迅速提高

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Speedtest Intelligence揭示了過去一年中東亞地區固定寬帶錶現的差異:中國大陸和香港的下載和上傳速度中值在過去一年裡迅速增長,而日本、韓國和台灣的速度則相對保持不變。在2021年第三季度我們調查的國家/地區中,香港的下載速度中值最高,為151.75Mbps。而中國大陸則以120.25Mbps的速度緊隨其後。韓國(96.00Mbps)、日本(92.01Mbps)和台灣(88.34Mbps)也榜上有名。

香港和韓國的上傳速度接近100 Mbps

Speedtest Intelligence在2021年第三季度發現了東亞地區的另一個明顯差距:韓國(94.72 Mbps)、香港(94.47 Mbps)和日本(86.11 Mbps)的上傳速度中值均高於85 Mbps,而台灣和中國大陸的上傳速度分別只有38.42 Mbps和35.71 Mbps。

台灣主要固定寬帶服務商之間競爭激烈

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在2021年第三季度,台灣各主要固定寬帶服務提供商在最快下載速度中值方面的競爭異常激烈:Home+ (93.73 Mbps)超過了kbro (92.72 Mbps)和HiNet (89.90 Mbps),而TWM寬帶則以72.53 Mbps的速度次之。

在上傳速度方面,HiNet的上傳速度中值為39.82 Mbps,其次是Home+ (31.26 Mbps)、kbro (27.89 Mbps)和TWM寬帶 (26.65 Mbps)。

台北市是全台灣網速最快的城市

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在2021年第三季度,對於台灣各大城市而言,台北市的下載和上傳速度中值是最快的,分別為108.71 Mbps和47.37 Mbps。新北市(87.18 Mbps)、基隆市(84.69 Mbps)和桃園市(80.75 Mbps)均達到了80Mbps以上的下載速度中值。而嘉義市是我們名單上唯一一個下載速度中值沒有超過65Mbps的城市(60.34 Mbps)。就上傳速度中值而言,新北市(36.97 Mbps)和高雄市(36.17 Mbps)是僅有的兩個在2021年第三季度上傳速度中值高於35 Mbps的城市。除了彰化市,其他城市的上傳速度中值在30Mbps到35Mbps之間。

台灣的主要互聯網服務提供商仍處於激烈競爭中,而且將面對5G領域新加入者的挑戰

在新冠肺炎疫情蔓延期間,台灣的互聯網服務提供商迎接挑戰,為消費者提供快速互聯網服務。但隨著生活開始恢復正常,各服務商又面臨著一個全新的現實情況:5G運營商將憑藉閃電般的網速與傳統互聯網服務提供商展開激烈競爭。就所有的移動5G運營商而言,在2021年第三季度,台灣的5G下載速度中值為296.63 Mbps——其中,中華電信的速度達到了440.93 Mbps,遠高於排名第二的遠傳電信的335.17 Mbps。這使得5G運營商與台灣互聯網服務提供商之間的競爭日益激烈。

我們將繼續關注台灣固定寬帶及移動服務提供商的表現。如果您想了解更多關於Speedtest Intelligence的更多信息,請點擊此處查詢

Ookla retains ownership of this article including all of the intellectual property rights, data, content graphs and analysis. This article may not be quoted, reproduced, distributed or published for any commercial purpose without prior consent. Members of the press and others using the findings in this article for non-commercial purposes are welcome to publicly share and link to report information with attribution to Ookla.

| November 21, 2022

Details on the Fastest 5G Mobile Devices (Just in Time for Black Friday and Cyber Monday)

Black Friday and Cyber Monday are just a few days away, so Ookla® wanted to help you navigate those deals with hard data on the fastest 5G popular devices. We used Speedtest Intelligence® to look at 5G performance data in the 10 countries with the highest number of connected mobile devices according to GSMA that also had an established 5G market during Q3 2022. As a reminder, we already looked at the newer models in the Apple iPhone 14 and Samsung Galaxy Z Fold4 earlier this quarter, right after both device models launched.

Our analysis examined the five fastest popular 5G devices in a given country. To be included, a device had to have a market share of greater than or equal to 0.5% of all devices and a minimum sample size of 100 devices in a given market. Each market we examined included only 5G samples from every 5G provider in a given country. That means performance most likely varies network to network and country to country, but this provides a snapshot of what you might typically expect.

It should be noted that some newer device models like the iPhone 14, Samsung Galaxy Z Fold4, and Google Pixel 7 launched in select markets on different days and may not have been included in our Q3 2022 analysis.

Fastest 5G devices in Brazil

chart of fastest 5g device performance in Brazil

According to Speedtest Intelligence, there was no statistically fastest 5G device in Brazil during Q3 2022, though every device on our list exceeded a median 5G download speed of 300 Mbps. That means each of these devices would make an excellent, fast choice if you can connect to 5G. 

The Motorola Moto G 5G Plus had a median 5G download speed of 358.39 Mbps, the Xiaomi Poco X4 Pro 5G at 355.43 Mbps, the Apple iPhone 13 Pro Max at 344.44 Mbps, the Apple iPhone 13 mini at 341.21 Mbps, and the Apple iPhone 13 at 336.04 Mbps. That being said, the new iPhone 14 models and Samsung Galaxy Z Fold4 were also very fast in our recent launch article

5 devices vie for fastest 5G in China

chart of fastest 5g device performance in China

Competition for the fastest popular 5G mobile device was very close in China, with no statistically fastest device during Q3 2022. The OnePlus 9 5G had a median 5G download speed of 349.15 Mbps, the Huawei P40 5G was at 344.41 Mbps, the Huawei Mate 30 5G at 344.23 Mbps, the Huawei Mate 40 5G at 332.39 Mbps, and the Huawei Mate 40 Pro 5G at 328.25 Mbps. Every device on this list would make an excellent choice if you are looking for an upgrade.

New iPhones top fastest 5G devices in Germany

chart of fastest 5g device performance in Germany

German iPhone users have a clear mandate: Upgrade your phone! During Q3 2022, the Apple iPhone 14 Pro and Pro Max had the fastest median 5G download speeds in the country among popular 5G devices at 181.09 Mbps and 177.98 Mbps, respectively. The iPhone 13 Pro (148.87 Mbps) and iPhone 13 Pro Max (148.08 Mbps) followed, then the OnePlus 9 Pro 5G at 140.93 Mbps.

Sony Xperia and Samsung Galaxy 20 among fastest 5G devices in Japan

chart of fastest 5g device performance in Japan

Japanese 5G consumers saw Sony devices take three out of the top five spots among the fastest popular 5G devices in Q3 2022. While there was no statistical winner, the Sony Xperia 1 II 5G had a median 5G download speed of 224.68 Mbps, the Samsung Galaxy S20 5G was at 189.22 Mbps and the Sony Xperia 1 IV at 184.90 Mbps. Any one of these three devices would make an excellent choice for an upgrade.

Many options for fastest 5G devices in the Philippines

chart of fastest 5g device performance in Philippines

Consumers in the Philippines have a handful of top 5G devices they can upgrade to, with no statistical winner for fastest 5G device during Q3 2022. The Samsung Galaxy A53 had a median 5G download speed at 199.90 Mbps, the Huawei Nova 7 5G was at 192.80 Mbps, the Huawei Nov 7 SE 5G at 188.32 Mbps, the Xiaomi Redmi Note 11 Pro 5G at 185.85 Mbps, and the Samsung Galaxy A52s 5G at 183.54 Mbps.

Tight competition for fastest 5G devices in South Africa

chart of fastest 5g device performance in South Africa

Speedtest Intelligence shows competition for the fastest popular 5G was incredibly tight in South Africa, with no statistically fastest 5G device during Q3 2022. The Samsung Galaxy S22+ had a median 5G download speed of 228.31 Mbps during Q3 2022, the Apple iPhone 13 mini was at 226.44 Mbps, the Samsung Galaxy S22 Ultra at 218.26 Mbps, the Apple iPhone 13 Pro Max at 212.94 Mbps, and the Apple iPhone 13 Pro at 211.73 Mbps. 

Consumers looking to upgrade their phone have some great options here, and we suspect the new Apple and Samsung models are incredibly competitive with these devices.

Dead heat on fastest 5G devices in Thailand

chart of fastest 5g device performance in Thailand

Consumers in Thailand have many options when considering an upgrade, with no statistical winner among the top five fastest 5G devices. The Apple iPhone 14 Pro had a median 5G download speed of 236.35 Mbps, the Samsung Galaxy S22 Ultra was at 233.15 Mbps, the Apple iPhone 14 Pro Max at 232.80 Mbps, the Xiaomi Redmi K40 5G at 229.30 Mbps, and the Samsung Galaxy Z Fold3 5G at 228.29 Mbps.

iPhone dominates fastest 5G devices in the United Kingdom

chart of fastest 5g device performance in United Kingdom

U.K. Apple users should celebrate, with iPhone models taking the top five spots for the U.K.’s fastest 5G devices. While there was no statistically significant fastest device, the new iPhone 14 Pro Max had a median 5G download speed of 171.24 Mbps, the iPhone 13 Pro Max was at 165.49 Mbps, the iPhone 14 Pro at 158.24 Mbps, the iPhone 13 mini at 157.42 Mbps, and the iPhone 13 Pro at 154.50 Mbps. 

Fastest 5G devices in the United States are new iPhones

chart of fastest 5g device performance in United States

Speedtest Intelligence reveals the new Apple iPhone 14 Pro Max and iPhone 14 Pro were the fastest popular 5G devices in the U.S. with a median 5G download speed of 177.21 Mbps and 175.08 Mbps, respectively, during Q3 2022. The Samsung Galaxy Z Fold4 was a close third at 162.50 Mbps, while the Galaxy S21+ 5G and Galaxy S22 Ultra rounded out the top five at 140.06 Mbps and 137.42 Mbps, respectively. Ookla data shows there’s a pretty strong case you should consider upgrading your Apple or Samsung device in the U.S., which we highly recommend.

Older iPhones keeping up with fastest 5G devices in Vietnam

chart of fastest 5g device performance in Vietnam

5G consumers in Vietnam were in the enviable position of receiving very fast 5G speeds during Q3 2022. While there was no statistical winner for fastest 5G device, the Samsung Galaxy S22 Ultra had a median 5G download of 286.77 Mbps, the Apple iPhone 12 5G was at 278.32 Mbps, the iPhone 13 Pro at 270.99 Mbps, the iPhone 13 Pro Max at 266.99 Mbps, and the iPhone 13 at 259.35 Mbps. We suspect users who upgrade to the newest Apple and Samsung models will reap the rewards of even faster speeds.

Ookla will continue evaluating device performance

The launch of the new iPhone 14 and Samsung Galaxy Z Fold4 models has already shown that new devices are speeding ahead and we’ll be monitoring results for the rest of the year. If you end up getting a great Black Friday deal to upgrade your phone, be sure to download the iOS or Android Speedtest® app to make sure your mobile operator is delivering the speeds you need.

Ookla retains ownership of this article including all of the intellectual property rights, data, content graphs and analysis. This article may not be quoted, reproduced, distributed or published for any commercial purpose without prior consent. Members of the press and others using the findings in this article for non-commercial purposes are welcome to publicly share and link to report information with attribution to Ookla.